- Dettagli della rivista
- Formato
- Rivista
- eISSN
- 2353-3978
- Prima pubblicazione
- 30 Jul 2013
- Frequenza di pubblicazione
- 2 volte all'anno
- Lingue
- Inglese
Seedlings of various crops are often transplanted from controlled indoor environments into harsher and less ideal outdoor environments (Liptay et al. 1998). To withstand such harsh conditions, the seedlings must be acclimated before being transplanted. Pretransplanting treatments must allow seedlings to endure the initial changes in environmental conditions while sustaining shoot and root growth until successful establishment. While there has always been a need for effective pretransplanting treatment, the more severe and frequent heat waves caused by global warming have further increased the demand (Meehl & Tebaldi 2004; Potopová et al. 2017). Leafy vegetables are sensitive to drought stress, which negatively affects their quality and total yield (Pavlović et al. 2018). To increase yield, an efficient transplanting system must be established.
Several pretransplanting treatments have been proposed to reduce shock, including water restriction and NaCl application. Both treatments lower stomatal conductance and increase cuticular wax, minimizing transpiration and improving water use efficiency (Fujiwara et al. 2002). However, these pretransplanting treatments have several limitations. When using plug trays, the effect of water restriction heavily depends on weather and is not uniform. Soil in the outermost plugs tends to dry out faster than those in the middle of the tray. Treatment with a NaCl solution was recommended as an improved method for acclimating seedlings to outside environments because it ensures uniform stress on all seedlings and potentially activates anti-oxidant enzyme activities (Sivritepe et al. 2008; Aktas et al. 2012). However, one of the drawbacks is that careful procedures for the disposal of NaCl solutions must be followed. Contact with NaCl solution also hinders seedling root development (Miyazawa 2016).
Citric acid (CA) treatment is reported to be as effective as water restriction and NaCl treatment for alleviating drought stress in cabbage (
The present study aimed to gain further insight into this phenomenon by identifying individual organic acids in root exudate collections from cabbage, lettuce (
Organic acids were identified from root exudates of cabbage ‘YR Seishun-nigo’, Watanabe Seed, lettuce ‘Quick lettuce’, Asahi Farm, and Napa cabbage ‘Haru-no-saiten’, Watanabe Seed under simulated drought stress to determine the species-specific organic acid composition of the exudates. Eight plants per vegetable species were grown in a hydroponic kit (UH-A01E1, UIN, Osaka) for 15 d. Environmental conditions were set at 25°C and 16 h daylight with light intensity of 200 μmol · m−2 · s−1. To facilitate growth, seedlings were provided with 2 cm3 each of fertilizer: A, containing 1.6% nitrogen, 2.8% phosphoric acid, 4.2% potassium, 2.2% magnesium, 0.01% manganese, and 0.04% boron; and fertilizer B, containing 4.3% nitrogen and 6.3% potassium. After 15 d, half of the seedlings of each treatment were randomly selected as controls and the other half was subjected to drought stress by placing them in vials with 25 cm3 of 15% polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG) solution. The PEG-treated plants were kept in solution in the hydroponic kit alongside control plants for a maximum of two days, or until apparent signs of wilting were observed. After the treatment, both PEG and control plants were placed into new vials containing 25 cm3 of 0.5% CaCl2 and kept in the hydroponic kit for one day. After 24 h, a solution sample from each plant was analyzed using HPLC (Prominence LC20, Shimadzu, Kyoto). A Supelcogel H column (30 cm × 7.8 mm) was used with 0.1% phosphoric acid as a mobile phase, at a flow rate of 0.5 cm3·min−1, and injection volume of 20 μl were used. Three percent of CA, tartaric (TA), malic (MA), succinic (SA), lactic (LA), and acetic acid (AA) were used as standard solutions. Results are shown in Figure 1 with error bars representing standard deviations.
Figure 1
Organic acid secretions (μl per cm3) of (A) cabbage, (B) lettuce, and (C) Napa cabbage compared between control and drought stress (15% PEG) treatments. Error bars represent the standard deviation; (n = 4)
To analyze changes in the enzyme activities of catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) after organic acid pretreatment, seedlings were grown in a 128 cell plug-tray filled with culture soil (Tanemaki-baido, Takii & Co., Kyoto). Seedlings were kept at 20°C and a 16 h daylight schedule, using a fluorescent lamp (sunshine daylight lamp 36 W rapid, Hitachi, Japan), for 27 days. Four seedlings were randomly selected for each of the five organic acid pretreatments determined by the previous organic acid identification experiment. Seedling roots were submerged in 5 mM treatment solutions of either CA, TA, LA, AA, or distilled water (control) for 20 s and then left at room temperature for an hour before enzyme activity quantification. For this, aboveground portions of the seedlings were ground using a mortar and liquid nitrogen, and homogenized for 10 s in a 10 cm3 extraction buffer solution containing 50 mM Na-P buffer (pH 7.0), 2% polyvinylpyrrolidone, and 0.1 mM EDTA, using a homogenizer (NS-52, Microtec, Japan). For CAT, two 1 cm3 solutions were taken from each sample and centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 m. Enzyme activity was determined using a spectrophotometer (UV mini-1240, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto) to monitor the decrease in absorbance, following the method by Nakano and Asada (1981). For APX, 160 μl of 100 mM ascorbate was added to the homogenate solution, and then two 1 cm3 solutions were centrifuged in the same way as the CAT samples. Absorbance was recorded for 180 s at 290 nm, immediately after pipetting 200 μl of sample-solution supernatant, 1200 μl of 50 mM K-PO4 buffer, 200 μl of 1 mM EDTA, 200 μl of 5 mM ascorbate, and 200 μl of 1 mM H2O2 into the cuvette. The effects of the treatments on the enzyme activities of each vegetable were tested using a two-sided Dunnett test (R v. 3.6.1). Results are shown in Figures 2–4 with error bars representing standard deviation.
Figure 2
Enzyme activity (U/L) recorded for cabbage seedlings subjected to control, and 5 mM of respective organic acid treatments: (A) catalase (CAT), (B) ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Error bars represent the standard deviation; (n = 4)
Figure 3
Enzyme activity (U/L) recorded for lettuce seedlings subjected to control, and 5 mM of respective organic acid treatments: (A) catalase (CAT), (B) ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Error bars represent the standard deviation; (n = 4)
Figure 4
Enzyme activity (U/L) recorded for Napa cabbage seedlings subjected to control, and 5 mM of respective organic acid treatments: (A) catalase (CAT), (B) ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Error bars represent the standard deviation; (n = 4); a double asterisk indicates a significant difference when compared to the control (p < 0.01)
We conducted the germination and post-germination growth experiment after organic acid identification and CAT and APX analysis. As we concluded from our earlier experiments that organic acids had no effect on lettuce, we performed analyses on only cabbage and Napa cabbage. Cabbage and Napa cabbage seeds were surface-sterilized with a 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 5 min. After sterilizing, seeds were divided into three pretreatment groups of control (distilled water), 5 mM CA, or 5 mM LA, and soaked for 1 h in the respective solutions. Seeds of each group were further divided into two treatments; regular watering during germination (RW) and application of PEG solution to impose drought stress during germination (PEG). Each treatment was replicated three times. Ten treated seeds were placed onto a petri dish with one layer of Whatman No. 2 filter paper, and 5 cm3 of either distilled water or 15% PEG 8000 solution was added to each petri dish with a pipette. Solutions were changed every three days if the experiment was extended past 72 h. At 72 h (for Napa) and 96 h (for cabbage), final germination percentage, root, and shoot length were recorded.
Statistical significance was tested using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by a Tukey HSD test when necessary, for each plant species. All calculations were done in R v. 3.6.1 (R Core Team 2019).
Neither MA nor SA were identified in cabbage, lettuce, or Napa cabbage, regardless of treatment. However, other organic acids were identified and varied between vegetable species. In cabbage, no organic acids were identified in control samples, while PEG-treated samples had noticeable concentrations of CA, TA, LA, and AA in their root exudates (Fig. 1A). In lettuce, CA, TA, and LA were detected in control samples, while CA was the only exudate identified in PEG-treated samples (Fig. 1B). With Napa cabbage, CA, TA, and LA were detected in control samples, while CA, LA, and AA were detected in PEG-treated samples (Fig. 1C).
CAT and APX enzyme activity of cabbage and lettuce were relatively similar among different organic acid pretreatments and did not show any significant difference from the control (Fig. 2, 3).
In Napa cabbage, CAT enzyme activity was higher after the CA treatment compared to that of the control (Fig. 4A, p = 0.004). Similarly, APX enzyme activity was higher in the CA treatment than in the control (Fig. 4B, p = 0.002).
There were no significant differences in germination rate among CA and LA pretreatments (control/water) and drought-stress treatments (RW, PEG) for either cabbage or Napa cabbage seeds. Average germination rate of all pretreatment and drought-stress treatment groups were 99% and 93% for cabbage and Napa cabbage, respectively.
For cabbage, seed pretreatment with CA and LA had a significant effect on root length (Table 1). CA and LA pretreated seedlings had significantly longer roots than those of control non pretreated seedlings (p < 0.001, Fig. 5A). We found an interaction effect between seed pretreatment and drought-stress treatment in cabbage shoots. Shoots of control seedlings in the RW group were significantly longer than those of the control with PEG group (p < 0.001, Fig. 5B). There was no significance in shoot length of seedlings pretreated with CA and LA when grown under RW or PEG regime.
P-values of two-way ANOVA for determining significance in root length and shoot length for cabbage and Napa cabbage under different organic acid pretreatments and drought stress treatments
| Cabbage | Napa cabbage | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Shoot | Root | Shoot | |
| Pretreatment (P) | < | 0.122 | < | 0.191 |
| Drought stress (D) | 0.332 | < | < | |
| P × D | 0.055 | 0.126 | 0.101 | |
Figure 5
(A) root length and (B) shoot length under regular watering during germination (RW)/application of PEG solution (PEG) treatment and varying organic acid pretreatments for cabbage. Error bars represent the standard deviation; (n = 30)
In Napa cabbage, both pretreatment and drought stress treatment had a significant effect on root length (Table 1). Root length under the CA and LA pretreatments was longer than that of the control plants (p < 0.001, Fig. 6A). In addition, the roots of PEG-treated seedlings were significantly longer than those of the RW seedlings. For shoot length, only the effect of drought-stress treatment was significant. Shoots of RW seedlings were significantly longer than those of the PEG-treated plants (Fig. 6B).
Figure 6
(A) root length and (B) shoot length under regular watering during germination (RW)/application of PEG solution (PEG) treatment and varying organic acid pretreatments for Napa cabbage. Error bars represent the standard deviation; (n = 30)
We found that cabbage roots exude LA, CA, TA, and AA, while Napa cabbage roots uniquely exude LA and AA when treated with PEG to impose drought stress. To determine whether the above organic acids functioned as signaling molecules that trigger antioxidant activities to prime plants against environmental stress, we measured CAT and APX activity after exogenous application of the respective organic acid solutions. Significant increases in enzyme activity were only observed in Napa cabbage treated with CA solution. As CA was not one of the exuded organic acids unique to imposed drought stress, we concluded that there was insufficient evidence to confirm our hypothesis that organic acids can function as plant-plant signaling molecules that trigger antioxidant activities in preparation for environmental stress. It has been shown that foliar application of CA prior to stress can reduce stress damage and increase antioxidant activity (El-Tohamy et al. 2013; Hu et al. 2016). Therefore, rather than acting as a signal through the roots, it is likely that the antioxidant activity was activated directly by the increased CA concentration in the plant.
On the other hand, germination experiments of cabbage and Napa cabbage resulted in increased root lengths in CA and LA pretreated seedlings, regardless of watering method. This is in line with our findings that CAT and APX activity increased in Napa cabbage after exogenous application of CA solution, even without imposed drought stress. Although the potential connection between increased root growth and antioxidant enzyme activity was not explored in the present study, Yan (2015) observed correlated activities between germination percentage and CAT/peroxidase activity in Chinese cabbage seeds that underwent priming treatment. While control pretreated cabbage seedlings under RW had significantly longer shoots than those under PEG, there were no significant differences between shoot lengths of seedlings under RW and PEG when pretreated with CA and LA solutions. This suggests that CA and LA may play a role in sustaining shoot growth in cabbage, even under drought conditions imposed by PEG.
Our results support conclusions from previous papers that the exogenous application of CA can alleviate drought stress in leafy vegetables. CA pretreatment resulted in increased CAT and APX activity in Napa cabbage and increased root length in post-germination seedlings for both cabbage and Napa cabbage. However, CA was not uniquely exuded from Napa cabbage roots when exposed to drought stress. Thus, we conclude that there is insufficient evidence to support our hypothesis that plants release such organic acids in times of environmental stress as signaling molecules to be taken up by neighboring plants to trigger antioxidant activities.
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Figure 6
P-values of two-way ANOVA for determining significance in root length and shoot length for cabbage and Napa cabbage under different organic acid pretreatments and drought stress treatments
| Cabbage | Napa cabbage | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Shoot | Root | Shoot | |
| Pretreatment (P) | < | 0.122 | < | 0.191 |
| Drought stress (D) | 0.332 | < | < | |
| P × D | 0.055 | 0.126 | 0.101 | |