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Group Movement in Entomopathogenic Nematodes: Aggregation Levels Vary Based on Context

Glen Stevens

Glen Stevens

University of Idaho, Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and NematologyMoscow, USA
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Stevens, Glen
, 
Muhammad Usman

Muhammad Usman

Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture FaisalabadPakistan
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Usman, Muhammad
, 
Sehrish Gulzar

Sehrish Gulzar

Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture FaisalabadPakistan
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Gulzar, Sehrish
, 
Cassandra Stevens

Cassandra Stevens

University of Idaho, Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and NematologyMoscow, USA
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Stevens, Cassandra
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Eleanor Pimentel

Eleanor Pimentel

University of Idaho, Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and NematologyMoscow, USA
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Pimentel, Eleanor
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Hilal Erdogan

Hilal Erdogan

  • University of Idaho, Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and NematologyMoscow, USA
  • Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biosystems Engineering, Bursa Uludağ UniversityBursa, Turkey
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Erdogan, Hilal
, 
Paul Schliekelman

Paul Schliekelman

University of Georgia, Department of StatisticsAthens, USA
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Schliekelman, Paul
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Fatma Kaplan

Fatma Kaplan

Pheronym, Inc.Davis, USA
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Kaplan, Fatma
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Hans Alborn

Hans Alborn

Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research ServiceGainesville, USA
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Alborn, Hans
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Waqas Wakil

Waqas Wakil

Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture FaisalabadPakistan
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Wakil, Waqas
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David Shapiro-Ilan

David Shapiro-Ilan

USDA-ARS, SEFTNRLByron, USA
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Shapiro-Ilan, David
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Edwin E Lewis

Edwin E Lewis

University of Idaho, Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and NematologyMoscow, USA
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Lewis, Edwin E
  
14 mar 2024
Group Movement in Entomopathogenic Nematodes: Aggregation Levels Vary Based on Context's Cover Image
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Categoria dell'articolo: Research Paper
Pubblicato online: 14 mar 2024
Ricevuto: 17 ago 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2024-0002
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© 2024 Glen Stevens et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

Polypropylene experimental arenas to assess introduction at a common point. Arenas filled with approximately 1200 g of sand at 10% moisture. Image shows introduction point on 60mm filter paper and sample locations.
Polypropylene experimental arenas to assess introduction at a common point. Arenas filled with approximately 1200 g of sand at 10% moisture. Image shows introduction point on 60mm filter paper and sample locations.

Figure 2:

Pyrex experimental arenas to assess responses when nematodes were added to opposite corners. Arenas filled with approximately 1200 g of sand at 10% moisture. A: Heterospecific experiment arena, where corners have different species of IJs. B: Conspecific test arena, where a single species of IJ was placed at one corner. C: 5 × 5 sampling grid; samples were collected at each circle.
Pyrex experimental arenas to assess responses when nematodes were added to opposite corners. Arenas filled with approximately 1200 g of sand at 10% moisture. A: Heterospecific experiment arena, where corners have different species of IJs. B: Conspecific test arena, where a single species of IJ was placed at one corner. C: 5 × 5 sampling grid; samples were collected at each circle.

Figure 3:

Index of Dispersion for each of the three species when applied alone in the center of dispersal boxes. Values of D > 1 indicate increasing aggregation. Solid line within each box indicates the median, black diamonds indicate the arithmetic mean, and black circles indicate outliers (observations with values > 1.5 * the interquartile range).
Index of Dispersion for each of the three species when applied alone in the center of dispersal boxes. Values of D > 1 indicate increasing aggregation. Solid line within each box indicates the median, black diamonds indicate the arithmetic mean, and black circles indicate outliers (observations with values > 1.5 * the interquartile range).

Figure 4:

Aggregation shown by each of the three species when center placed, in both conspecific (alone) and heterospecific conditions. Increasing values of D indicate increasing aggregation. Sc = Steinernema carpocapsae, Sf = Steinernema feltiae, Sg = Steinernema glaseri. The solid line within each box indicates the median, black diamonds indicate the arithmetic mean, and black circles indicate outliers (observations with values > 1.5 * the interquartile range). NOTE that y-axis scale changes significantly across the three panels.
Aggregation shown by each of the three species when center placed, in both conspecific (alone) and heterospecific conditions. Increasing values of D indicate increasing aggregation. Sc = Steinernema carpocapsae, Sf = Steinernema feltiae, Sg = Steinernema glaseri. The solid line within each box indicates the median, black diamonds indicate the arithmetic mean, and black circles indicate outliers (observations with values > 1.5 * the interquartile range). NOTE that y-axis scale changes significantly across the three panels.

Figure 5:

Aggregation shown by each of the 3 species when corner placed, in both conspecific and heterospecific conditions. Increasing values of D indicate increasing aggregation. Sc = Steinernema carpocapsae, Sf = Steinernema feltiae, Sg = Steinernema glaseri. The solid line within each box indicates the median, black diamonds indicate the arithmetic mean, and black circles indicate outliers (observations with values > 1.5 * the interquartile range).
Aggregation shown by each of the 3 species when corner placed, in both conspecific and heterospecific conditions. Increasing values of D indicate increasing aggregation. Sc = Steinernema carpocapsae, Sf = Steinernema feltiae, Sg = Steinernema glaseri. The solid line within each box indicates the median, black diamonds indicate the arithmetic mean, and black circles indicate outliers (observations with values > 1.5 * the interquartile range).

Figure 6:

Average IJ movement in each of the 3 species when corner placed, in both conspecific and heterospecific conditions. Sc = Steinernema carpocapsae, Sf = Steinernema feltiae, Sg = Steinernema glaseri. The solid line within each box indicates the median, black diamonds indicate the arithmetic mean, and black circles indicate outliers (observations with values > 1.5 * the interquartile range).
Average IJ movement in each of the 3 species when corner placed, in both conspecific and heterospecific conditions. Sc = Steinernema carpocapsae, Sf = Steinernema feltiae, Sg = Steinernema glaseri. The solid line within each box indicates the median, black diamonds indicate the arithmetic mean, and black circles indicate outliers (observations with values > 1.5 * the interquartile range).
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