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Group Movement in Entomopathogenic Nematodes: Aggregation Levels Vary Based on Context

Glen Stevens
Glen Stevens
, 
Muhammad Usman
Muhammad Usman
, 
Sehrish Gulzar
Sehrish Gulzar
, 
Cassandra Stevens
Cassandra Stevens
, 
Eleanor Pimentel
Eleanor Pimentel
, 
Hilal Erdogan
Hilal Erdogan
, 
Paul Schliekelman
Paul Schliekelman
, 
Fatma Kaplan
Fatma Kaplan
, 
Hans Alborn
Hans Alborn
, 
Waqas Wakil
Waqas Wakil
, 
David Shapiro-Ilan
David Shapiro-Ilan
 and 
Edwin E Lewis
Edwin E Lewis
   | Mar 14, 2024
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Article Category: Research Paper
Published Online: Mar 14, 2024
Page range: -
Received: Aug 17, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2024-0002
Keywords
© 2024 Glen Stevens et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

Polypropylene experimental arenas to assess introduction at a common point. Arenas filled with approximately 1200 g of sand at 10% moisture. Image shows introduction point on 60mm filter paper and sample locations.
Polypropylene experimental arenas to assess introduction at a common point. Arenas filled with approximately 1200 g of sand at 10% moisture. Image shows introduction point on 60mm filter paper and sample locations.

Figure 2:

Pyrex experimental arenas to assess responses when nematodes were added to opposite corners. Arenas filled with approximately 1200 g of sand at 10% moisture. A: Heterospecific experiment arena, where corners have different species of IJs. B: Conspecific test arena, where a single species of IJ was placed at one corner. C: 5 × 5 sampling grid; samples were collected at each circle.
Pyrex experimental arenas to assess responses when nematodes were added to opposite corners. Arenas filled with approximately 1200 g of sand at 10% moisture. A: Heterospecific experiment arena, where corners have different species of IJs. B: Conspecific test arena, where a single species of IJ was placed at one corner. C: 5 × 5 sampling grid; samples were collected at each circle.

Figure 3:

Index of Dispersion for each of the three species when applied alone in the center of dispersal boxes. Values of D > 1 indicate increasing aggregation. Solid line within each box indicates the median, black diamonds indicate the arithmetic mean, and black circles indicate outliers (observations with values > 1.5 * the interquartile range).
Index of Dispersion for each of the three species when applied alone in the center of dispersal boxes. Values of D > 1 indicate increasing aggregation. Solid line within each box indicates the median, black diamonds indicate the arithmetic mean, and black circles indicate outliers (observations with values > 1.5 * the interquartile range).

Figure 4:

Aggregation shown by each of the three species when center placed, in both conspecific (alone) and heterospecific conditions. Increasing values of D indicate increasing aggregation. Sc = Steinernema carpocapsae, Sf = Steinernema feltiae, Sg = Steinernema glaseri. The solid line within each box indicates the median, black diamonds indicate the arithmetic mean, and black circles indicate outliers (observations with values > 1.5 * the interquartile range). NOTE that y-axis scale changes significantly across the three panels.
Aggregation shown by each of the three species when center placed, in both conspecific (alone) and heterospecific conditions. Increasing values of D indicate increasing aggregation. Sc = Steinernema carpocapsae, Sf = Steinernema feltiae, Sg = Steinernema glaseri. The solid line within each box indicates the median, black diamonds indicate the arithmetic mean, and black circles indicate outliers (observations with values > 1.5 * the interquartile range). NOTE that y-axis scale changes significantly across the three panels.

Figure 5:

Aggregation shown by each of the 3 species when corner placed, in both conspecific and heterospecific conditions. Increasing values of D indicate increasing aggregation. Sc = Steinernema carpocapsae, Sf = Steinernema feltiae, Sg = Steinernema glaseri. The solid line within each box indicates the median, black diamonds indicate the arithmetic mean, and black circles indicate outliers (observations with values > 1.5 * the interquartile range).
Aggregation shown by each of the 3 species when corner placed, in both conspecific and heterospecific conditions. Increasing values of D indicate increasing aggregation. Sc = Steinernema carpocapsae, Sf = Steinernema feltiae, Sg = Steinernema glaseri. The solid line within each box indicates the median, black diamonds indicate the arithmetic mean, and black circles indicate outliers (observations with values > 1.5 * the interquartile range).

Figure 6:

Average IJ movement in each of the 3 species when corner placed, in both conspecific and heterospecific conditions. Sc = Steinernema carpocapsae, Sf = Steinernema feltiae, Sg = Steinernema glaseri. The solid line within each box indicates the median, black diamonds indicate the arithmetic mean, and black circles indicate outliers (observations with values > 1.5 * the interquartile range).
Average IJ movement in each of the 3 species when corner placed, in both conspecific and heterospecific conditions. Sc = Steinernema carpocapsae, Sf = Steinernema feltiae, Sg = Steinernema glaseri. The solid line within each box indicates the median, black diamonds indicate the arithmetic mean, and black circles indicate outliers (observations with values > 1.5 * the interquartile range).
eISSN:
2640-396X
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
Volume Open
Journal Subjects:
Life Sciences, other
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