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Does sexual orientation of bullying target influence bystander response?

Patricia Meglich
Patricia Meglich
, 
Tracy Porter
Tracy Porter
 e 
Nancy Day
Nancy Day
   | 22 ago 2020
The Irish Journal of Management's Cover Image
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Article Category: Research Article
Pubblicato online: 22 ago 2020
Pagine: 17 - 33
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ijm-2019-0005
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© 2019 Patricia Meglich et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Proposed theoretical model
Proposed theoretical model

Hypothesis 1: Homophobia and amnestic heterosexism as covariates to clarity and harmfulness of behavior

Overall Mean Differences Group Comparisons
F Sig. F. B Std. Error t ρ Partial η2
Hypothesis 1a: Homophobia as Covariate
How Clearly Behavior Is Mistreatment Intercept 619.164 0.000 2.91 0.15 18.96 0.000 0.69
Susan’s Sexual Orientation 0.857 0.426 0.01
Condition: Lesbian −0.09 0.15 −0.58 0.562 0.00
Condition: Bisexual 0.10 0.15 0.72 0.475 0.00
Condition: Heterosexual (Comparison group)
Homophobia 0.378 0.540 −0.02 0.04 −0.61 0.540 0.00
Intercept 284.749 0.000 5.79 0.44 13.02 0.000 0.51
How Harmful Is Behavior Susan’s Sexual Orientation 0.806 0.448 0.01
Condition: Lesbian −0.35 0.43 −0.83 0.410 0.00
Condition: Bisexual 0.17 0.42 0.41 0.680 0.00
Condition: Heterosexual (Comparison group)
Homophobia 0.000 0.991 0.00 0.12 0.01 0.991 0.00
Hypothesis 1b: Amnestic Heterosexism as Covariate
Intercept 469.404 0.000 3.04 0.18 16.98 0.000 0.64
How Clearly Behavior Is Mistreatment Susan’s Sexual Orientation 0.882 0.416 0.01
Condition: Lesbian −0.12 0.15 −0.79 0.433 0.00
Condition: Bisexual 0.07 0.15 0.50 0.619 0.00
Condition: Heterosexual (Comparison group)
Amnestic Heterosexism 1.958 0.164 −0.05 0.04 −1.40 0.164 0.01
Intercept 201.543 0.000 5.85 0.52 11.20 0.000 0.44
How Harmful Is Behavior Susan’s Sexual Orientation 0.835 0.436 0.01
Condition: Lesbian −0.37 0.43 −0.85 0.396 0.00
Condition: Bisexual 0.16 0.43 0.38 0.703 0.00
Condition: Heterosexual (Comparison group)
Amnestic Heterosexism 0.018 0.893 −0.02 0.11 −0.13 0.893 0.00

Main effects: Mean differences between sexual orientations

Dependent Variable N Mean Std. Deviation F ρ
How Clearly Behavior Is Mistreatment Lesbian 56 2.77 0.79
Bisexual 56 2.95 0.76
Heterosexual 55 2.84 0.73
Total 167 2.85 0.76 0.786 0.458
How Harmful Is Behavior Lesbian 56 5.44 2.21
Bisexual 56 5.96 2.10
Heterosexual 55 5.79 2.30
Total 167 5.73 2.20 0.831 0.437
Personal Responsibility Lesbian 56 4.30 2.56
Bisexual 56 5.25 2.44
Heterosexual 55 5.28 2.56
Total 167 4.94 2.55 2.747 0.067
Avoidance Lesbian 56 2.67 1.03
Bisexual 56 2.85 1.06
Heterosexual 55 2.92 1.02
Total 167 2.81 1.04 0.865 0.423
Active Intervention Lesbian 56 2.98 0.90
Bisexual 56 3.25 0.71
Heterosexual 55 3.38 0.82
Total 167 3.20 0.83 3.541 0.031

Descriptive statistics and correlations

Mean Standard Deviation α 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 Sex1 - - - 1.00
2 White/Persons of Color2 - - - −0.01 1.00
3 Age 33.00 8.80 - 0.11 −0.12 1.00
4 Clearly Represents Mistreatment 2.85 0.76 0.64 0.17* −0.09 −0.03 1.00
5 How Harmful Is Behavior 5.75 2.2 0.72 0.17* 0.02 −0.07 0.77** 1.00
6 Personal Responsibility 4.96 2.55 0.95 0.24** −0.02 −0.09 0.67** 0.80** 1.00
7 Avoidance 2.81 1.03 0.88 −0.03 0.31** −0.09 −0.20* −0.08 −0.29** 1.00
8 Active Intervention 3.21 0.83 0.88 0.17* −0.03 −0.21** 0.49** 0.55** 0.72** −0.23** 1.00
9 Homophobia 2.56 1.52 0.94 0.01 0.17* −0.02 −0.04 0.02 0.01 0.40** 0.08 1.00
10 Amnestic Heterosexism 3.24 1.55 0.93 −0.11 0.07 −0.04 −0.10 0.00 −0.04 0.43** 0.01 0.55**

Hypothesis 2: Homophobia and amnestic heterosexism as covariates to personal responsibility

Overall Mean Differences Group Comparisons
F Sig. F. B Std. Error t ρ Partial η2
Hypothesis 2a: Homophobia as Covariate
Personal Responsibility Intercept 167.697 0.000 5.38 0.51 10.57 0.000 0.41
Susan’s Sexual Orientation 2.746 0.067 0.03
Condition: Lesbian −1.01 0.49 −2.06 0.041 0.03
Condition: Bisexual −0.04 0.48 −0.09 0.930 0.00
Condition: Heterosexual (Comparison group)
Homophobia 0.062 0.804 −0.03 0.13 −0.25 0.804 0.00
Hypothesis 2b: Amnestic Heterosexism as Covariate
Personal Responsibility Intercept 133.588 0.000 5.78 0.60 9.70 0.000 0.37
Susan’s Sexual Orientation 3.083 0.048 0.04
Condition: Lesbian −1.10 0.49 −2.24 0.027 0.03
Condition: Bisexual −0.12 0.49 −0.25 0.801 0.00
Condition: Heterosexual (Comparison group)
Amnestic Heterosexism 1.011 0.316 −0.13 0.13 −1.01 0.316 0.01

Hypothesis 3: Homophobia and amnestic heterosexism as covariates to avoidance and active intervention

Overall Mean Differences Group Comparisons
F Sig. F B Std. Error t ρ Partial η2
Hypothesis 3a: Homophobia as Covariate
Avoidance Intercept 209.03 0.000 2.16 0.19 11.16 0.000 0.43
Susan’s Sexual Orientation 0.08 0.927 0.00
Condition: Lesbian −0.06 0.19 −0.35 0.728 0.00
Condition: Bisexual 0.00 0.18 −0.02 0.981 0.00
Condition: Heterosexual (Comparison group)
Homophobia 28.33 0.000 0.27 0.05 5.32 0.000 0.15
Intercept 629.63 0.000 3.32 0.16 20.19 0.000 0.71
Active Intervention Susan’s Sexual Orientation 3.14 0.046 0.04
Condition: Lesbian −0.39 0.16 −2.45 0.015 0.04
Condition: Bisexual −0.12 0.16 −0.79 0.429 0.00
Condition: Heterosexual (Comparison group)
Homophobia 0.27 0.606 0.02 0.04 0.52 0.606 0.00
Hypothesis 3b: Amestic Heterosexism as Covariate
Avoidance Intercept 116.65 0.000 1.84 0.22 8.24 0.000 0.29
Susan’s Sexual Orientation 0.31 0.735 0.00
Condition: Lesbian 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.999 0.00
Condition: Bisexual 0.12 0.18 0.67 0.505 0.00
Condition: Heterosexual (Comparison group)
Amnestic Heterosexism 34.66 0.000 0.29 0.05 5.89 0.000 0.18
Intercept 471.32 0.000 3.46 0.19 17.91 0.000 0.66
Active Intervention Susan’s Sexual Orientation 3.63 0.029 0.04
Condition: Lesbian −0.42 0.16 −2.63 0.009 0.04
Condition: Bisexual −0.14 0.16 −0.90 0.368 0.00
Condition: Heterosexual (Comparison group)
Amnestic Heterosexism −0.02 0.04 −0.47 0.640 0.00
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