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In vivo anthelmintic potentials of Gongronema latifolium and Picralima nitida against gastrointestinal parasite (Heligmosomoides bakeri)

F. T. Ojo
F. T. Ojo
, 
O. A. Idowu
O. A. Idowu
, 
K. O. Ademolu
K. O. Ademolu
 e 
J. O. Olukunle
J. O. Olukunle
   | 31 dic 2023
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Pubblicato online: 31 dic 2023
Pagine: 336 - 347
Ricevuto: 25 ott 2022
Accettato: 21 set 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/helm-2023-0033
Parole chiave
© 2023 F. T. Ojo et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

Egg per gram of faeces of H. bakeri in infected mice treated with (A) extract of G. latifolium at 300 and 500 mg/kg body weight (B) P. nitida at 300 and 500 mg/kg body weight.
Egg per gram of faeces of H. bakeri in infected mice treated with (A) extract of G. latifolium at 300 and 500 mg/kg body weight (B) P. nitida at 300 and 500 mg/kg body weight.

Fig. 2.

Micrographs of Intestinal segments of (A) untreated mice with severe villi atrophy and intra-luminal parasite (black arrow). (B) mice treated with 500mg/kg G. latifolium showing moderate villi atrophy (black arrow) and cryptal hyperplasia (blue arrow). (C) mice treated with 500mg/kg P. nitida showing moderate villi (black arrows) atrophy (D) positive control showing cryptal hyperplasia (blue arrow) HE x400.
Micrographs of Intestinal segments of (A) untreated mice with severe villi atrophy and intra-luminal parasite (black arrow). (B) mice treated with 500mg/kg G. latifolium showing moderate villi atrophy (black arrow) and cryptal hyperplasia (blue arrow). (C) mice treated with 500mg/kg P. nitida showing moderate villi (black arrows) atrophy (D) positive control showing cryptal hyperplasia (blue arrow) HE x400.

Biochemical parameters of H. bakeri infected mice treated with extracts of G. latifolium and P. nitidaRows with values bearing the same superscript are not significantly different (p>0.05).Values were expressed as mean ± standard error of means. Mean values presented were from three mice in a group.

Parameter 300mg/kg GL 500mg/kg GL 300mg/kg PN 500mg/kg PN Albendazole Untreated Uninfected untreated
Glucose (mg/dl) 117.61 ± 4.71d 123.21 ± 4.46d 75.45 ± 2.94a 88.63 ± 3.86b 81.50 ± 1.21ab 100.28 ± 2.61c 122.00 ± 1.53d
Cholesterol (mg/dl) 80.17 ± 1.80bc 81.53 ± 4.50bc 68.90 ± 4.04b 89.29 ± 5.31c 78.30 ± 5.29bc 82.37 ± 8.76bc 40.67 ± 0.67a
T. Protein (g/dl) 3.77 ± 0.27ab 6.53 ± 1.42bc 2.11 ± 0.38a 3.62 ± 0.38ab 4.61 ± 1.07ab 6.49 ± 1.38bc 8.27 ± 0.27c
Albumin (g/dl) 2.21 ± 0.09ab 2.55 ± 0.45ab 1.37 ± 0.51a 1.96 ± 0.15ab 2.78 ± 0.44ab 2.49 ± 0.31ab 3.27 ± 0.07b
Triglyceride (mg/dl) 83.68 ± 5.67b 122.32 ± 6.58e 116.30 ± 5.67de 119.62 ± 3.92de 103.21 ± 7.12cd 98.35 ± 4.72bc 24.67 ± 0.67a
HDL (mg/dl) 52.39 ± 0.06c 41.51 ± 1.88b 33.94 ± 1.33b 50.43 ± 4.82c 32.68 ± 4.37b 38.22 ± 3.40b 10.33 ± 0.33a
LDL (mg/dl) 11.05 ± 0.71a 15.55 ± 1.30a 11.70 ± 1.58a 14.94 ± 1.27a 24.87 ± 0.48b 24.48 ± 6.30b 25.40 ± 0.20b

Phytochemicals, proximate composition and mineral contents of G. latifolium (roots) and P. nitida (seeds).

G. latifolium P. nitida p-value
Phytochemicals (mg/100g)
Saponin 579.67 ± 0.88 115.00 ± 0.58 0.00
Alkaloid 396.67 ± 0.88 290.33 ± 0.89 0.00
Tannin 2.00 ± 0.12 2.90 ± 0.12 0.01
Flavonoid 3.27 ± 0.08 5.33 ± 0.07 0.00
Total Polyphenol 138.67 ± 0.89 217.00 ± 0.57 0.00
Proximate composition (%)
Crude protein 10.50 ± 0.00 14.43 ± 0.22 0.00
Ash 11.70 ± 0.35 3.37 ± 0.33 0.00
Crude fat 2.22 ± 0.52 3.36 ± 0.33 0.14
Carbohydrate 41.90 ± 0.02 29.70 ± 0.01 0.00
Moisture 7.05 ± 0.03 8.61 ± 0.00 0.00
Mineral content (mg/kg)
Calcium 48843.33 ± 83.33 473.33 ± 23.33 0.00
Magnesium 11846.67 ± 43.33 1543.33 ± 28.40 0.01
Zinc 127.13 ± 0.00 82.56 ± 0.00 0.00
Copper 35.19 ± 0.00 25.91 ± 0.01 0.00
Iron 2173.91 ± 0.01 445.44 ± 0.22 0.00
Manganese 423.0 ± 0.58 72.25 ± 0.32 0.00
Potassium 19891.0 ± 0.58 22217.59 ± 3.13 0.00
Phosphorus 217.02 ± 0.58 598.19 ± 0.95 0.00

Daily chemosuppression (%) of H. bakeri infection in mice administered single extract of G. latifolium, P. nitida and albendazole.Values presented are mean from three mice in a group.

Days
During treatment Post treatment
Treatments 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
300mg/kg GL 17.38 19.22 23.76 24.70 33.66 36.05 39.13 43.54 42.87 41.14 40.88
500mg/kg GL 40.00 44.39 53.57 56.23 56.73 60.52 63.12 64.11 65.03 65.82 63.84
300mg/kg PN 47.24 67.00 70.65 72.01 76.96 77.65 81.00 81.81 83.41 84.17 84.91
500mg/kg PN 54.17 70.71 77.48 77.64 88.73 89.23 90.50 90.75 91.46 91.77 92.45
Albendazole 27.07 56.47 72.98 73.29 73.69 86.79 90.01 90.91 91.62 92.41 92.61

Worm burden of infected mice treated with extract of G. latifolium, P. nitida and albendazoleValues were expressed as mean ± standard error of means. Columns with values bearing the same superscript are not significantly different (p<0.05).Mean values presented were from three mice in a group.

Treatment Worm burden Deparasitization (%)
300mg/kg GL 57.50 ± 0.50c 21.23
500mg/kg GL 40.75 ± 1.11b 44.17
300mg/kg PN 20.00 ± 2.08a 72.60
500mg/kg PN 16.67 ± 0.33a 77.16
Albendazole 19.33 ± 0.67a 73.52
Untreated 73.00 ± 1.15d

Acute toxicity studies of mice treated with extracts of G. latifolium and P. nitida.

No.Dead/No.Alive Clinicalsigns
Dose(mg/kg) G.latifolium P.nitida G.latifolium P.nitida
10 0/3 0/3 Noobservablesign Noobservablesign
100 0/3 0/3 ,, ,,
1000 0/3 0/3 ,, ,,
1600 0/3 0/3 ,, ,,
2900 0/3 0/3 ,, ,,
5000 0/3 0/3 ,, ,,
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