In vivo anthelmintic potentials of Gongronema latifolium and Picralima nitida against gastrointestinal parasite (Heligmosomoides bakeri)

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Biochemical parameters of H_ bakeri infected mice treated with extracts of G_ latifolium and P_ nitidaRows with values bearing the same superscript are not significantly different (p>0_05)_Values were expressed as mean ± standard error of means_ Mean values presented were from three mice in a group_

Parameter	300mg/kg GL	500mg/kg GL	300mg/kg PN	500mg/kg PN	Albendazole	Untreated	Uninfected untreated
Glucose (mg/dl)	117.61 ± 4.71d	123.21 ± 4.46d	75.45 ± 2.94a	88.63 ± 3.86b	81.50 ± 1.21ab	100.28 ± 2.61c	122.00 ± 1.53d
Cholesterol (mg/dl)	80.17 ± 1.80bc	81.53 ± 4.50bc	68.90 ± 4.04b	89.29 ± 5.31c	78.30 ± 5.29bc	82.37 ± 8.76bc	40.67 ± 0.67a
T. Protein (g/dl)	3.77 ± 0.27ab	6.53 ± 1.42bc	2.11 ± 0.38a	3.62 ± 0.38ab	4.61 ± 1.07ab	6.49 ± 1.38bc	8.27 ± 0.27c
Albumin (g/dl)	2.21 ± 0.09ab	2.55 ± 0.45ab	1.37 ± 0.51a	1.96 ± 0.15ab	2.78 ± 0.44ab	2.49 ± 0.31ab	3.27 ± 0.07b
Triglyceride (mg/dl)	83.68 ± 5.67b	122.32 ± 6.58e	116.30 ± 5.67de	119.62 ± 3.92de	103.21 ± 7.12cd	98.35 ± 4.72bc	24.67 ± 0.67a
HDL (mg/dl)	52.39 ± 0.06c	41.51 ± 1.88b	33.94 ± 1.33b	50.43 ± 4.82c	32.68 ± 4.37b	38.22 ± 3.40b	10.33 ± 0.33a
LDL (mg/dl)	11.05 ± 0.71a	15.55 ± 1.30a	11.70 ± 1.58a	14.94 ± 1.27a	24.87 ± 0.48b	24.48 ± 6.30b	25.40 ± 0.20b

Phytochemicals, proximate composition and mineral contents of G_ latifolium (roots) and P_ nitida (seeds)_

	G. latifolium	P. nitida	p-value
Phytochemicals (mg/100g)
Saponin	579.67 ± 0.88	115.00 ± 0.58	0.00
Alkaloid	396.67 ± 0.88	290.33 ± 0.89	0.00
Tannin	2.00 ± 0.12	2.90 ± 0.12	0.01
Flavonoid	3.27 ± 0.08	5.33 ± 0.07	0.00
Total Polyphenol	138.67 ± 0.89	217.00 ± 0.57	0.00
Proximate composition (%)
Crude protein	10.50 ± 0.00	14.43 ± 0.22	0.00
Ash	11.70 ± 0.35	3.37 ± 0.33	0.00
Crude fat	2.22 ± 0.52	3.36 ± 0.33	0.14
Carbohydrate	41.90 ± 0.02	29.70 ± 0.01	0.00
Moisture	7.05 ± 0.03	8.61 ± 0.00	0.00
Mineral content (mg/kg)
Calcium	48843.33 ± 83.33	473.33 ± 23.33	0.00
Magnesium	11846.67 ± 43.33	1543.33 ± 28.40	0.01
Zinc	127.13 ± 0.00	82.56 ± 0.00	0.00
Copper	35.19 ± 0.00	25.91 ± 0.01	0.00
Iron	2173.91 ± 0.01	445.44 ± 0.22	0.00
Manganese	423.0 ± 0.58	72.25 ± 0.32	0.00
Potassium	19891.0 ± 0.58	22217.59 ± 3.13	0.00
Phosphorus	217.02 ± 0.58	598.19 ± 0.95	0.00

Daily chemosuppression (%) of H_ bakeri infection in mice administered single extract of G_ latifolium, P_ nitida and albendazole_Values presented are mean from three mice in a group_

Days
	During treatment					Post treatment
Treatments	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
300mg/kg GL	17.38	19.22	23.76	24.70	33.66	36.05	39.13	43.54	42.87	41.14	40.88
500mg/kg GL	40.00	44.39	53.57	56.23	56.73	60.52	63.12	64.11	65.03	65.82	63.84
300mg/kg PN	47.24	67.00	70.65	72.01	76.96	77.65	81.00	81.81	83.41	84.17	84.91
500mg/kg PN	54.17	70.71	77.48	77.64	88.73	89.23	90.50	90.75	91.46	91.77	92.45
Albendazole	27.07	56.47	72.98	73.29	73.69	86.79	90.01	90.91	91.62	92.41	92.61

Worm burden of infected mice treated with extract of G_ latifolium, P_ nitida and albendazoleValues were expressed as mean ± standard error of means_ Columns with values bearing the same superscript are not significantly different (p<0_05)_Mean values presented were from three mice in a group_

Treatment	Worm burden	Deparasitization (%)
300mg/kg GL	57.50 ± 0.50c	21.23
500mg/kg GL	40.75 ± 1.11b	44.17
300mg/kg PN	20.00 ± 2.08a	72.60
500mg/kg PN	16.67 ± 0.33a	77.16
Albendazole	19.33 ± 0.67a	73.52
Untreated	73.00 ± 1.15d

Acute toxicity studies of mice treated with extracts of G_ latifolium and P_ nitida_

	No.Dead/No.Alive		Clinicalsigns
Dose(mg/kg)	G.latifolium	P.nitida	G.latifolium	P.nitida
10	0/3	0/3	Noobservablesign	Noobservablesign
100	0/3	0/3	,,	,,
1000	0/3	0/3	,,	,,
1600	0/3	0/3	,,	,,
2900	0/3	0/3	,,	,,
5000	0/3	0/3	,,	,,