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Impact of Simulated Microgravity Environment on Bioprinted Tissue Constructs

Sampada Koirala

Sampada Koirala

Biomedical Engineering and Sciences Department, Florida Institute of TechnologyMelbourne,
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Koirala, Sampada
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Bela Perdomo

Bela Perdomo

Biomedical Engineering and Sciences Department, Florida Institute of TechnologyMelbourne,
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Perdomo, Bela
, 
Brian Billings

Brian Billings

Biomedical Engineering and Sciences Department, Florida Institute of TechnologyMelbourne,
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Billings, Brian
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Dylan Welch

Dylan Welch

Biomedical Engineering and Sciences Department, Florida Institute of TechnologyMelbourne,
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Welch, Dylan
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Roshan Vijayakumar

Roshan Vijayakumar

Biomedical Engineering and Sciences Department, Florida Institute of TechnologyMelbourne,
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Vijayakumar, Roshan
, 
Meghana Nelli

Meghana Nelli

Biomedical Engineering and Sciences Department, Florida Institute of TechnologyMelbourne,
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Nelli, Meghana
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Caroline Moore

Caroline Moore

Biomedical Engineering and Sciences Department, Florida Institute of TechnologyMelbourne,
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Moore, Caroline
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Caleb Phillips

Caleb Phillips

Biomedical Engineering and Sciences Department, Florida Institute of TechnologyMelbourne,
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Phillips, Caleb
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Isscca Hall Burns

Isscca Hall Burns

Biomedical Engineering and Sciences Department, Florida Institute of TechnologyMelbourne,
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Burns, Isscca Hall
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Kunal Mitra

Kunal Mitra

Biomedical Engineering and Sciences Department, Florida Institute of TechnologyMelbourne,
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Mitra, Kunal
  
09 set 2025
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Categoria dell'articolo: Research Note
Pubblicato online: 09 set 2025
Pagine: 65 - 74
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/gsr-2025-0007
Parole chiave
© 2025 Sampada Koirala et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1.

(A) Cellink BioX6 extrusion-based bioprinter; (B) Bioprinted vascular constructs.
(A) Cellink BioX6 extrusion-based bioprinter; (B) Bioprinted vascular constructs.

Figure 2.

Setup for simulated microgravity experiments. (A) Slide flask containing a bioprinted vascular construct; (B) RPM supporting bioprinted tissue constructs housed inside an incubator (NASA KSC Microgravity Simulation Facility).
Setup for simulated microgravity experiments. (A) Slide flask containing a bioprinted vascular construct; (B) RPM supporting bioprinted tissue constructs housed inside an incubator (NASA KSC Microgravity Simulation Facility).

Figure 3.

Cellular viability of bioprinted vascular tissue constructs from 1 to 9 days after bioprinting.
Cellular viability of bioprinted vascular tissue constructs from 1 to 9 days after bioprinting.

Figure 4.

Confocal microscopy imaging for visualizing live (green) and dead (red) cells in bioprinted constructs after bioprinting. (A) Day 1; (B) Day 3; (C) Day 5; (D) Day 7; (E) Day 9; (F) Z-stack fluorescent images corresponding to day 9.
Confocal microscopy imaging for visualizing live (green) and dead (red) cells in bioprinted constructs after bioprinting. (A) Day 1; (B) Day 3; (C) Day 5; (D) Day 7; (E) Day 9; (F) Z-stack fluorescent images corresponding to day 9.

Figure 5.

Normalized fluorescent intensity profiles for detecting ROS levels in fibroblast cells exposed to simulated microgravity for 24, 48, and 72 h. (A) Bar plot of normalized fluorescence intensity values showing a time-dependent increase in ROS levels; (B) Box plot representing the distribution of normalized fluorescence intensity values across all samples for each condition.
Normalized fluorescent intensity profiles for detecting ROS levels in fibroblast cells exposed to simulated microgravity for 24, 48, and 72 h. (A) Bar plot of normalized fluorescence intensity values showing a time-dependent increase in ROS levels; (B) Box plot representing the distribution of normalized fluorescence intensity values across all samples for each condition.

Figure 6.

Confocal microscopy images showing oxidative stress in the samples: (A) Control; (B) Simulated microgravity exposure for 24 h; (C) 48 h; (D) 72 h.
Confocal microscopy images showing oxidative stress in the samples: (A) Control; (B) Simulated microgravity exposure for 24 h; (C) 48 h; (D) 72 h.

t-test results comparing ROS levels across time points_

Comparison t-statistic p-values Interpretation
Control vs. 24 h −20.74 0.0000319 significant
Control vs. 48 h −59.20 0.0000005 highly significant
Control vs. 72 h −4.40 0.0117 significant

Bioprinting parameters_

Parameter Range of Values
Cell density 1 × 105 cells/ml–3 × 106 cells/ml
Nozzle diameter 22 gauge
Print speed 7 mm/s
Printhead temperature 23.5°C
Print bed temperature 15°C
Layer height 0.41 mm
Pressure 40–75 kPa
Infill density 40%
Cross-linking: frequency After every layer
Cross-linking: time (per instance) 10 s
Cross-linking: wavelength 405 nm
Cross-linking: distance to center of build 4 cm
Lingua:
Inglese
Frequenza di pubblicazione:
2 volte all'anno
Argomenti della rivista:
Scienze biologiche, Scienze della vita, altro, Scienze materiali, Scienze materiali, altro, Fisica, Fisica, altro
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