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Sustainability Approach of Recycled Denim Fabrics with a Life Cycle Assessment

Hakan Karagöl
Hakan Karagöl
, 
Füsun Doba Kadem
Füsun Doba Kadem
, 
Halil İbrahim Olucak
Halil İbrahim Olucak
, 
Mehmet Kertmen
Mehmet Kertmen
 e 
Şehpal Özdemir
Şehpal Özdemir
   | 27 mag 2024
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Article Category: Research Article
Pubblicato online: 27 mag 2024
Pagine: 57 - 63
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ftee-2024-0019
Parole chiave
© 2024 Hakan Karagöl et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Fig. 1.

Production cycle including recycled textile material [4]
Production cycle including recycled textile material [4]

Fig. 2.

Graphic representation of life cycle analysis improvement
Graphic representation of life cycle analysis improvement

Percentage improvement results of life cycle analysis

% improvement Abiotic depletion Abiotic depletion (fossil fuels) Global warming Ozone layer depletion Human toxicity Toxic effect on freshwater
R
D1 9.75 7.28 7.16 4.82 8.09 10.76
D2 12.33 8.90 8.97 6.18 10.21 13.89
D3 14.36 10.17 10.38 7.24 11.87 16.35
D4 16.75 11.67 12.06 8.50 13.84 19.25
D5 18.96 13.05 13.60 9.66 15.65 21.93

Properties of yarns

Samples Warp Yarn Weft Yarn
Reference (R) Ne 6.5/1 Open End 30% Recycle / 70% Cotton Ne 13/1 90% Cotton+7.5% Polyester+2.5% Elastane Modified Ring
D1 Ne 13/1 50% Cotton+40% Recycle Cotton+7.5% Recycle Polyester+2.5% Elastane Modified Ring
D2 Ne 13/1 40% Cotton+50% Recycle Cotton+7.5% Recycle Polyester+2.5% Elastane Modified Ring
D3 Ne 13/1 30% Cotton+60% Recycle Cotton+7.5% Recycle Polyester+2.5% Elastane Modified Ring
D4 Ne 13/1 20% Cotton+70% Recycle Cotton+7.5% Recycle Polyester+2.5% Elastane Modified Ring
D5 Ne 13/1 10% Cotton+80% Recycle Cotton+7.5% Recycle Polyester+2.5% Elastane Modified Ring

Physical properties of fabrics

Sample Number Unit weight (gr/m2) Weft per inch Warp per inch Thickness (mm)
Mean Std.dev. Mean Std.dev. Mean Std.dev. Mean Std.dev.
R 377 2 46 0 67 0.816497 0.754 0.005
D1 385 1 46 0 74 1.632993 0.768 0.007
D2 388 1,73 47 1.632993 69 0 0.764 0.005
D3 378 3 46 0.816497 68 0 0.752 0.004
D4 379 2,64 45 1.414214 65 0.816497 0.760 0.006
D5 382 3,46 47 1.632993 71 0.816497 0.782 0.007

Selected thermal comfort properties of denim fabrics

Sample number Relative water vapor permeability (%) Water vapor permeability (WVPR) Thermal resistance (m2K/W)
Mean Std.dev. Mean Std.dev. Mean Std.dev.
R 52.42 0.94 4.71 0.45 0.003839 0.000134
D1 49.32 0.66 5.06 0.18 0.004068 0.000278
D2 48.18 1.28 5.46 0.24 0.004384 0.000116
D3 46.53 0.99 5.80 0.26 0.004553 0.001127
D4 46.46 0.67 5.50 0.20 0.004900 0.000898
D5 46.96 1.46 5.62 0.26 0.004944 0.000097

Tensile and tear strength results of denim fabrics

Sample Number Tensile strength (Kgf) (weft direction) Tensile strength (Kgf) (warp direction) Tear strength (gf) (weft direction) Tear strength (gf) (warp direction)
Mean Std.dev. Mean Std.dev. Mean Std.dev. Mean Std.dev.
R 46 2.44 92 2.54 4957 162.39 6300 148.76
D1 43 3.39 90 2.54 4708 34.28 6083 135.79
D2 41 2.73 88 2.12 4657 80.76 5914 68.84
D3 39 2.64 88 2.34 4201 61.05 5817 123.93
D4 38 2.91 85 5.19 3945 66.64 5776 134.53
D5 36 3.39 87 4.74 3613 104.82 5903 120.89

Yarn properties

Samples %Um % CVm Index H sh Breaking force (gF) Breaking elongation (%) Rkm (kgf×Nm) B-work (gF cm)
R 8.58 10.86 1.87 6.28 1.35 1019.84 8.08 17.27 2083.26
D1 6.75 8.52 1.49 6.86 1.63 814.68 11.98 16.56 2064.00
D2 8.12 10.28 1.80 7.39 1.75 746.88 11.30 15.18 1292.89
D3 8.79 11.19 1.95 7.52 1.91 745.33 11.68 15.15 1350.68
D4 10.61 13.78 2.41 8.14 2.06 652.90 9.57 13.27 1903.17
D5 10.84 13.56 2.37 8.58 2.22 646.03 9.06 13.13 1845.35

Tests applied to denim fabrics

Test No Test name Test Standard
1 Standard Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of Fabric ASTM D3776: 2020
2 Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Grab Test) ASTM D5034: 2021
3 Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Falling-Pendulum (Elmendorf-Type) Apparatus ASTM D1424: 2021
4 Standard Test Methods for Stretch Properties of Fabrics Woven from Stretch Yarns ASTM D3107: 2019
5 Textiles - Physiological effects - Measurement of Thermal and Water-Vapor Resistance under Steady-State Conditions (Sweating Guarded-Hotplate Test) TS EN ISO 11092: 2014
6 Textiles the Assessment of Drape of Fabrics. TS 9693: 1991

Selected performance properties of denim fabrics

Sample number Elasticity (%) Air permeability (mm/s) Stiffness (Kgf)
Mean Std.dev. Mean Std.dev. Mean Std.dev.
R 42 1.58 56.491 1.497 0.784 0.106
D1 39 2.23 53.887 3.045 0.802 0.080
D2 38 2.54 52.525 1.852 0.795 0.027
D3 38 2.34 57.142 1.654 0.718 0.017
D4 37 2.12 60.118 2.705 0.790 0.027
D5 36 1.87 51.207 2.104 0.713 0.101
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