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Camouflage Assessments with Digital Pattern Painting Based on the Multi-Scale Pattern-in-Picture Evaluation Model

Qi Jia
Qi Jia
, 
Weidong Xu
Weidong Xu
, 
Yang Yi
Yang Yi
, 
Jun Liu
Jun Liu
, 
Jianghua Hu
Jianghua Hu
, 
Liyan Zhu
Liyan Zhu
 e 
Xin Yang
Xin Yang
   | 04 lug 2023
Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe's Cover Image
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Article Category: Research Article
Pubblicato online: 04 lug 2023
Pagine: 39 - 50
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ftee-2023-0014
Parole chiave
© 2023 Łukasiewicz Research Network-Łódź Institute of Technology, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Fig.1.

Test color samples
Test color samples

Fig.2.

Simplified simulation of camouflages
Simplified simulation of camouflages

Fig.3.

Picture taken by the digital camera at an equivalent observation distance of 10 m
Picture taken by the digital camera at an equivalent observation distance of 10 m

Fig.4.

Observation effects from different distances
Observation effects from different distances

Fig.5.

Schemes designed
Schemes designed

Fig.6.

Simulation effect of group 1 in four images of mottled woodland backgrounds
Simulation effect of group 1 in four images of mottled woodland backgrounds

Fig.7.

Flow of scheme selection
Flow of scheme selection

Fig.8.

Designed pattern painting on background images for effect simulations
Designed pattern painting on background images for effect simulations

Fig.9.

User interface of a system constructed for the simulation and evaluation of individual digital camouflages
User interface of a system constructed for the simulation and evaluation of individual digital camouflages

Fig.10.

Patterns in pictures displayed on the projection screen
Patterns in pictures displayed on the projection screen

Fig.11.

Simulation evaluation results
Simulation evaluation results

Degrees of feature similarities of 15 schemes

Group Scheme Characteristic similarity degree Sorted within groups
Background a Background b Background c Background d Average
1 A 0.6003 0.6038 0.7056 0.6045 0.6285 3
B 0.5983 0.6018 0.7008 0.6021 0.6258 4
C 0.6108 0.6145 0.7247 0.6155 0.6414 2
D 0.6273 0.6315 0.7529 0.6324 0.6610 1
E 0.5928 0.5961 0.6914 0.5966 0.6192 5
2 F 0.5855 0.5886 0.6770 0.5888 0.6100 4
G 0.5863 0.5894 0.6786 0.5896 0.6110 3
H 0.6062 0.6099 0.7149 0.6102 0.6353 1
I 0.5966 0.5999 0.6986 0.6006 0.6239 2
J 0.5803 0.5833 0.6671 0.5834 0.6035 5
3 K 0.5865 0.5897 0.6788 0.5899 0.6112 5
L 0.5956 0.5990 0.6957 0.5992 0.6224 3
M 0.5963 0.5998 0.6970 0.6000 0.6233 2
N 0.6182 0.6222 0.7363 0.6227 0.6498 1
O 0.5871 0.5903 0.6799 0.5905 0.6119 4

Degrees of feature similarities of the six optimal schemes

Group 1 2 3
Scheme C D H I M N
Average characteristic similarity degree 0.5183 0.5206 0.5210 0.5183 0.5180 0.5197
Sorted 4 2 1 4 5 3

Color reproduction accuracy with color checkers

Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Average Standard deviation
Testing 6.23 17.53 15.18 4.59 7.61 12.79 16.50 12.13 15.01 16.21 15.09 13.31 12.68 4.28
Color checker 1.01 8.95 8.32 3.02 4.78 7.32 8.09 7.36 8.37 6.31 7.21 6.17 6.41 2.38

Comparison of results of degrees of feature similarities and simulation evaluations

Group Scheme Characteristic similarity degree model Simulation evaluation
Similarity degree Sorted within groups Score Sorted within groups
1 A 0.6285 3 3.3105 4
B 0.6258 4 3.3318 3
C 0.6414 2 3.4793 2
D 0.6610 1 3.5263 1
E 0.6192 5 3.1132 5
2 F 0.6100 4 3.1433 5
G 0.6110 3 3.2694 4
H 0.6353 1 3.5639 1
I 0.6239 2 3.4241 2
J 0.6035 5 3.2930 3
3 K 0.6112 5 3.2245 4
L 0.6224 3 3.2985 3
M 0.6233 2 3.3419 2
N 0.6498 1 3.4961 1
O 0.6119 4 3.1932 5

Ratio of color difference reduction

Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Max. Min. Average
Color checker 83.79 48.94 45.19 34.20 37.19 42.77 50.97 39.32 44.24 61.07 52.22 53.64 83.79 34.20 49.46

Color values of the samples

Sample number Sample CIE 1976 L*a*b*
L* a* b*
1 Black 29.23 0.17 −1.57
2 Gray 46.39 −0.36 −3.68
3 Light white 64.52 0.67 1.65
4 Black green 31.92 −1.94 3.03
5 Dark green 34.97 −4.08 11.19
6 Green 43.89 −13.27 18.41
7 Yellow green 46.16 −3.38 27.62
8 Dark brown 42.08 5.37 15.19
9 Red brown 44.67 14.29 25.70
10 Brown 45.18 9.79 22.83
11 Clay 54.63 17.39 25.67
12 Ocher 55.49 13.54 42.32

“Soldier” sizes and their corresponding simulation boxes from different distances

Distance / m 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Size / pixels 185×556 93×278 62×186 46×139 37×111 31×93 27×80 23×70 21×62 19×56
Box / pixels 130×476 65×238 43×159 33×119 26×95 22×79 19×68 16×60 14×53 13×48
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