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Coefficients for Assessing the Visibility of Materials Used in Anti-Smog Face Masks

Agnieszka Brochocka
Agnieszka Brochocka
, 
Grzegorz Owczarek
Grzegorz Owczarek
 e 
Joanna Szkudlarek
Joanna Szkudlarek
   | 12 ott 2022
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Article Category: Research Article
Pubblicato online: 12 ott 2022
Pagine: 46 - 56
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ftee-2022-0022
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© 2022 Agnieszka Brochocka et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Public License.

Fig. 1

Materials studied: (a) – sample 1, blue nonwoven printed with an open star pattern, (b) – sample 2, white nonwoven printed with a solid star pattern
Materials studied: (a) – sample 1, blue nonwoven printed with an open star pattern, (b) – sample 2, white nonwoven printed with a solid star pattern

Fig. 2

Models of anti-smog half-masks: (a) – model A – sample 1, the outer layer printed with a phosphorescent open star pattern, (b) – model B – sample 2, the outer layer printed with a phosphorescent solid star pattern
Models of anti-smog half-masks: (a) – model A – sample 1, the outer layer printed with a phosphorescent open star pattern, (b) – model B – sample 2, the outer layer printed with a phosphorescent solid star pattern

Fig. 3

Studied half-mask models with phosphorescent patterns in a dark room: (a) model A - with an open star pattern, (b) model B - with a solid star pattern
Studied half-mask models with phosphorescent patterns in a dark room: (a) model A - with an open star pattern, (b) model B - with a solid star pattern

Fig. 4

MiniScan XE Plus reflectometer (USA) used for determining the reflectance coefficient and chromaticity coordinates
MiniScan XE Plus reflectometer (USA) used for determining the reflectance coefficient and chromaticity coordinates

Fig. 5

Luminance coefficient β for samples placed on white and grey nonwovens
Luminance coefficient β for samples placed on white and grey nonwovens

Fig. 6

Luminance coefficient β for samples 1 and 2 on a white nonwoven
Luminance coefficient β for samples 1 and 2 on a white nonwoven

Figure 7

Irradiated sample 1: (a) photograph of the star pattern; (b) histogram
Irradiated sample 1: (a) photograph of the star pattern; (b) histogram

Figure 8

Non-irradiated sample 1: (a) photograph of the star pattern; (b) histogram
Non-irradiated sample 1: (a) photograph of the star pattern; (b) histogram

Figure 9

Mean RGB values measured for the open star pattern outline
Mean RGB values measured for the open star pattern outline

Fig. 10

Irradiated sample 2: (a) photograph of the star pattern; (b) histogram
Irradiated sample 2: (a) photograph of the star pattern; (b) histogram

Fig. 11

Non-irradiated sample 2: (a) photograph of the star pattern; (b) histogram.
Non-irradiated sample 2: (a) photograph of the star pattern; (b) histogram.

Fig. 12

Mean RGB values measured for the solid star pattern surface
Mean RGB values measured for the solid star pattern surface

RGB values measured for the outline of the open star pattern

Measurement No. Irradiated sample Non-irradiated sample
R G B R G B
1 49 82 51 48 39 26
2 51 86 54 49 45 34
3 53 73 48 55 49 37
4 53 77 53 45 39 27
5 50 76 47 44 40 29
6 58 78 51 49 41 30
7 50 91 50 49 41 29
8 50 76 47 52 43 34
9 48 74 47 47 41 29
10 48 74 45 53 41 27
Mean 51 78.7 49.3 49.1 41.9 30.2
Standard deviation 3.0 5.9 2.9 3.4 3.1 3.6

Luminance coefficient β and chromaticity coordinates for sample 1 on a black reference plate

Measurement No. Y x y β
1 23.460 0.279 0.305 0.235
2 22.600 0.277 0.301 0.226
3 22.180 0.279 0.304 0.222
4 22.810 0.278 0.303 0.228
5 22.330 0.278 0.303 0.223
6 22.950 0.278 0.304 0.230
7 22.400 0.279 0.304 0.224
8 23.320 0.280 0.306 0.233
9 22.430 0.279 0.304 0.224
10 22.520 0.277 0.302 0.225
Mean 22.700 0.278 0.303 0.227
Standard deviation 0.428 0.001 0.001 0.004

Luminance coefficient β and chromaticity coordinates for sample 2 on a black reference plate

Measurement No. Y x y ß
1 39.280 0.313 0.330 0.393
2 37.500 0.312 0.328 0.375
3 37.790 0.313 0.330 0.378
4 37.530 0.312 0.328 0.375
5 40.180 0.313 0.330 0.402
6 39.170 0.313 0.330 0.392
7 40.040 0.313 0.330 0.400
8 39.080 0.312 0.329 0.391
9 40.960 0.313 0.330 0.410
10 40.820 0.313 0.330 0.408
Mean 39.235 0.313 0.329 0.392
Standard deviation 1.294 0.000 0.001 0.013

Luminance coefficient β and chromaticity coordinates for sample 1 on a white reference plate

Measurement No. Y x y β
1 41.900 0.270 0.299 0.419
2 39.480 0.264 0.293 0.395
3 41.410 0.270 0.298 0.414
4 42.510 0.272 0.301 0.425
5 38.220 0.267 0.298 0.382
6 40.630 0.267 0.295 0.406
7 39.730 0.267 0.295 0.397
8 39.810 0.272 0.298 0.398
9 39.430 0.268 0.297 0.394
10 38.880 0.267 0.295 0.389
Mean 40.200 0.268 0.297 0.402
Standard deviation 1.375 0.003 0.002 0.014

Air flow resistance comparison for printed and non-printed material

No. Type of nonwoven fabric Air flow resistance, Pa
1 Nonwoven fabric printed with an open star pattern 23,5
2 Nonwoven fabric printed with a solid star pattern 28,7
3 Nonwoven fabric without printing 21,6

Luminance coefficient β and chromaticity coordinates for sample 1 on a grey nonwoven

Measurement No. Y x y β
1 22.870 0.278 0.303 0.229
2 24.230 0.280 0.306 0.242
3 24.350 0.279 0.304 0.244
4 23.080 0.278 0.303 0.231
5 23.340 0.280 0.305 0.233
6 23.780 0.279 0.304 0.238
7 23.120 0.279 0.303 0.231
8 23.750 0.279 0.304 0.238
9 23.920 0.278 0.303 0.239
10 23.190 0.277 0.302 0.232
Mean 23.563 0.279 0.304 0.236
Standard deviation 0.513 0.001 0.001 0.005

Luminance coefficient β and chromaticity coordinates for sample 2 on a white nonwoven

Measurement No. Y x y ß
1 85.060 0.314 0.333 0.851
2 85.060 0.315 0.335 0.851
3 84.490 0.314 0.332 0.845
4 84.300 0.314 0.333 0.843
5 85.960 0.314 0.333 0.860
6 85.830 0.314 0.332 0.858
7 85.580 0.314 0.332 0.856
8 83.750 0.315 0.334 0.838
9 84.760 0.315 0.333 0.848
10 84.030 0.314 0.332 0.840
Mean 84.882 0.314 0.333 0.849
Standard deviation 0.755 0.001 0.001 0.008

Luminance coefficient β and chromaticity coordinates for sample 2 on a white reference plate

Measurement No. Y x y ß
1 84.250 0.314 0.333 0.843
2 84.510 0.315 0.335 0.845
3 84.060 0.313 0.332 0.841
4 84.470 0.315 0.335 0.845
5 83.270 0.314 0.332 0.833
6 83.510 0.313 0.331 0.835
7 83.960 0.314 0.333 0.840
8 82.490 0.314 0.33`9 0.825
9 83.970 0.313 0.331 0.840
10 83.890 0.314 0.332 0.839
Mean 83.838 0.314 0.333 0.838
Standard deviation 0.610 0.001 0.001 0.006

RGB values measured for the solid star pattern

Measurement No. Irradiated sample Non-irradiated sample
R G B R G B
1 56 135 78 56 71 49
2 45 131 79 58 73 44
3 62 126 71 58 71 43
4 44 122 70 52 64 40
5 55 128 73 55 69 43
6 51 120 66 57 70 42
7 44 121 70 50 62 38
8 60 118 68 54 64 49
9 60 134 81 56 71 42
10 53 136 80 58 41 45
Mean 53 127.1 73.6 55.4 64.6 43.5
Standard deviation 6.8 6.7 5.4 2.7 9.4 3.5

Luminance coefficient β and chromaticity coordinates for sample 1 on a white nonwoven

Measurement No. Y x y β
1 40.520 0.266 0.294 0.405
2 42.080 0.267 0.294 0.421
3 41.390 0.265 0.293 0.414
4 41.750 0.266 0.294 0.418
5 43.330 0.268 0.296 0.433
6 41.900 0.267 0.294 0.419
7 42.840 0.272 0.294 0.428
8 41.600 0.267 0.296 0.416
9 42.430 0.268 0.295 0.424
10 42.490 0.270 0.298 0.425
Mean 42.033 0.268 0.295 0.420
Standard deviation 0.795 0.002 0.001 0.008
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