Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic on Supply Chain Management in the Clothing Sector and Possible Solutions
e | 08 giu 2022
INFORMAZIONI SU QUESTO ARTICOLO
Article Category: Research Article
Pubblicato online: 08 giu 2022
Pagine: 8 - 16
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ftee-2022-0002
Parole chiave
© 2022 Seher Kanat et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
Differences between the clothing enterprises of different sizes with regard to the effects of the pandemic
| Hypothesis 1a: Clothing enterprises that possess different turnovers would be differently impacted by the effects of the pandemic on costs, inputs, production, supply, delivery and occupational health and safety. | ||||||
| Annual Turnover | N | Average | Standard Deviation | t | df | p |
| 30.000.000 USD and below | 334 | −0.07758148592023344 | 1.0213342824758622 | −4,912 | 97,984 | 0,000 |
| 30.000.001 USD and above | 56 | 0.46271814816710755 | 0.708897240937753 | |||
| Hypothesis 1b: Clothing enterprises that possess different turnovers would be differently impacted by the effects of the pandemic on finance, sales, information flow, efficiency and R&D activities. | ||||||
| Annual Turnover | N | Average | Standard Deviation | t | df | p |
| 30.000.000 USD and below | 334 | 0.15122843074731346 | 0.15122843074731346 | 7,840 | 388 | 0,000 |
| 30.000.001 USD and above | 56 | −0.901969569100048 | 1.0367451416187237 | |||
| Hypothesis 1c: Clothing enterprises that possess different turnovers would be differently impacted by the effects of the pandemic on rivalry and transformation. | ||||||
| Annual turnover | N | Average | Standard Deviation | t | df | p |
| 30.000.000 USD and below | 334 | −0.06288010523608423 | 0.968180764027263 | −3,065 | 388 | 0,002 |
| 30.000.001 USD and above | 56 | 0.37503491337236033 | 1.1091142177430091 | |||
| Hypothesis 1d: Clothing enterprises that possess different numbers of workers would be differently impacted by the effects of the pandemic on costs, inputs, production, supply, delivery and occupational health and safety. | ||||||
| Number of Workers | N | Average | Standard Deviation | t | df | p |
| 250 and below | 325 | −0.10453608919064887 | 1.0211657583092832 | −6,156 | 128,986 | 0,000 |
| 251 and above | 65 | 0.5226804459532454 | 0.6827133581910457 | |||
| Hypothesis 1e: Clothing enterprises that possess different numbers of workers would be differently impacted by the effects of the pandemic on finance, sales, information flow, efficiency and R&D activities. | ||||||
| Number of Workers | N | Average | Standard Deviation | t | df | p |
| 250 and below | 325 | 0.14648453783951929 | 0.9093176197892345 | 5,981 | 81,946 | 0,000 |
| 251 and above | 65 | −0.7324226891975966 | 1.1128179421631939 | |||
| Hypothesis 1f: Clothing enterprises that possess different worker numbers would be differently impacted by the effects of the pandemic on rivalry and transformation. | ||||||
| Number of Workers | N | Average | Standard Deviation | t | df | p |
| 250 and below | 325 | −0.08196472905440755 | 0.9700782294648844 | −3,677 | 388 | 0,000 |
| 251 and above | 65 | 0.4098236452720386 | 1.0532591036816135 | |||
Results of the exploratory factor analysis of possible solutions and descriptive statistics of the statements
| Factors | Statements | Rotated Loadings | Average | Standard Deviation | Averages of the Factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Support which is expected from the government | Our enterprise needs support in terms of investment in the scope of the COVID-19 pandemic. | 0,785 | 3,87 | 0,896 | 3,87 |
| Our enterprise needs easy access to financial resources in the scope of the COVID-19 pandemic. | 0,783 | 3,99 | 0,775 | ||
| Our enterprise needs a delay in repayment of credit in the scope of the COVID-19 pandemic. | 0,733 | 3,67 | 1,023 | ||
| Our enterprise needs support in terms of employment in the scope of the COVID-19 pandemic. | 0,648 | 4,23 | 0,961 | ||
| Our enterprise needs a delay in repayment of tax debts in the scope of the COVID-19 pandemic. | 0,603 | 4,04 | 1,094 | ||
| Our enterprise needs financial support in the scope of the COVID-19 pandemic. | 0,596 | 3,59 | 0,977 | ||
| Our enterprise needs support in terms of online trade in the scope of the COVID-19 pandemic. | 0,440 | 3,71 | 0,965 | ||
| Adequateness of government support | Financial government supports given during the COVID-19 pandemic is sufficient for our enterprise. | 0,886 | 2,42 | 0,989 | 2,42 |
| Government support in terms of exports given during the COVID-19 pandemic is sufficient for our enterprise. | 0,869 | 2,37 | 0,878 | ||
| Government supports in terms of employment given during the COVID-19 pandemic is sufficient for our enterprise. | 0,825 | 2,48 | 0,994 | ||
| Precautions which can be taken by enterprises | It is revealed in the scope of the COVID-19 pandemic that, our enterprise needs to improve its relations with its suppliers. | 0,720 | 3,93 | 0,788 | 4,00 |
| It is revealed in the scope of the COVID-19 pandemic that our enterprise needs to improve the efficiency of its marketing activities. | 0,705 | 4,05 | 0,725 | ||
| It is revealed in the scope of the COVID-19 pandemic that our enterprise needs to use domestic supply resources more efficiently. | 0,696 | 4,05 | 0,783 | ||
| It is revealed in the scope of the COVID-19 pandemic that our enterprise needs to improve its occupational health and safety systems. | 0,650 | 3,85 | 0,844 | ||
| It is revealed in the scope of the COVID-19 pandemic that our enterprise needs to increase its sectoral cooperation. | 0,593 | 4,11 | 0,625 | ||
| It is revealed in the scope of the COVID-19 pandemic that logistic sector should be improved more. | 0,529 | 4,02 | 0,766 |
Differences between the clothing enterprises of different sizes with regard to possible solutions against the negative effects of the pandemic
| Hypothesis 2a: Clothing enterprises that possess different turnovers possess different views about the adequateness of government support. | ||||||
| Annual Turnover | N | Average | Standard Deviation | t | df | p |
| 30.000.000 USD and below | 335 | −0.1281101758059751 | 0.9139848054309022 | −5,540 | 67,129 | 0,000 |
| 30.000.001 USD and above | 56 | 0.7663733731250293 | 1.1489010086314577 | |||
| Hypothesis 2b: Clothing enterprises that possess different numbers of worker possess different views about the adequateness of government support. | ||||||
| Number of Workers | N | Average | Standard Deviation | t | df | p |
| 250 and below | 325 | −0.15804310928595117 | 0.8825458313466679 | −6,138 | 80,569 | 0,000 |
| 251 and above | 66 | 0.7782425836050624 | 1.1737459889541333 | |||
Results of e exploratory factor analysis of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and descriptive statistics of the statements
| Factors | Statements | Rotated Loadings | Average | Standard Deviation | Averages of the Factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Effects of the pandemic on costs, inputs, production, supply, delivery and occupational health and safety | COVID-19 pandemic has caused disruptions in our planning processes. | 0,806 | 3,54 | 1,208 | 3,43 |
| COVID-19 pandemic has caused an increase in our raw material costs. | 0,785 | 3,13 | 1,299 | ||
| COVID-19 pandemic has decreased our flexible/agile production ability. | 0,766 | 3,17 | 1,243 | ||
| COVID-19 pandemic has caused a decrease in our production speed. | 0,746 | 3,41 | 1,261 | ||
| COVID-19 pandemic has caused an increase in our costs. | 0,743 | 3,24 | 1,320 | ||
| COVID-19 pandemic has caused a decrease in our input numbers supplied locally. | 0,729 | 3,23 | 1,247 | ||
| COVID-19 pandemic has caused an increase in our occupational health and safety precautions. | 0,678 | 4,03 | 0,940 | ||
| COVID-19 pandemic has caused a decrease in our delivery speed. | 0,469 | 3,69 | 1,090 | ||
| Effects of the pandemic on finance, sales, information flow, efficiency and R&D activities | COVID-19 pandemic has caused an increase in our enterprise’s debts. | 0,801 | 3,79 | 0,971 | 3,91 |
| COVID-19 pandemic has caused an increase in our enterprise’s unpaid debts whose maturity has arrived. | 0,739 | 3,69 | 1,114 | ||
| COVID-19 pandemic has caused an increase in our enterprise’s cash need. | 0,657 | 3,97 | 0,887 | ||
| COVID-19 pandemic has caused disruptions in information flow along our supply chain. | 0,625 | 3,86 | 0,888 | ||
| COVID-19 pandemic has caused a decrease in our profitability. | 0,568 | 4,39 | 0,902 | ||
| COVID-19 pandemic has caused disruptions in our R&D and product development activities. | 0,545 | 3,84 | 0,864 | ||
| COVID-19 pandemic has caused a decrease in our unit sales prices. | 0,471 | 3,70 | 1,130 | ||
| COVID-19 pandemic has decreased our efficiency. | 0,424 | 4,04 | 0,801 | ||
| Effects of the pandemic on production, orders and inventories | COVID-19 pandemic has caused a decrease in our production amounts. | 0,728 | 4,17 | 0,820 | 4,19 |
| COVID-19 pandemic has caused a decrease in our average order numbers. | 0,721 | 4,26 | 0,705 | ||
| COVID-19 pandemic has caused a decrease in our average product numbers per order. | 0,711 | 4,22 | 0,769 | ||
| COVID-19 pandemic has caused an increase in our finished product inventories. | 0,474 | 4,11 | 0,935 | ||
| Effects of the pandemic on customers, suppliers and workers | COVID-19 pandemic has caused a decrease in our number of customers. | 0,594 | 3,07 | 1,252 | 2,99 |
| COVID-19 pandemic has caused a breakdown in our relations with customers. | 0,556 | 2,59 | 1,110 | ||
| COVID-19 pandemic has caused a decrease in our number of workers. | 0,544 | 2,74 | 1,254 | ||
| COVID-19 pandemic has caused an increase in the number of workers who are sent on unpaid leave. | 0,522 | 3,23 | 1,218 | ||
| COVID-19 pandemic has caused a breakdown in our relations with suppliers. | 0,487 | 2,59 | 1,113 | ||
| COVID-19 pandemic has caused an increase in the number of workers who benefit from flexible working. | 0,452 | 3,71 | 1,036 | ||
| Effects of the pandemic on inventories and logistics | COVID-19 pandemic has caused an increase in our inventory costs. | 0,783 | 4,05 | 0,877 | 3,87 |
| COVID-19 pandemic has caused an increase in our raw material inventories. | 0,605 | 3,84 | 0,994 | ||
| COVID-19 pandemic has caused an increase in our logistics costs. | 0,547 | 3,73 | 1,064 | ||
| Effects of the pandemic on the clothing market | Global clothing market will shrink after the COVID-19 pandemic. | 0,823 | 3,72 | 0,909 | 3,73 |
| Domestic clothing market will shrink after the COVID-19 pandemic. | 0,817 | 3,73 | 0,892 | ||
| Effects of the pandemic on rivalry and transformation | COVID-19 pandemic will canalize our production technologies to industry 4.0 in medium and long term. | 0,759 | 3,69 | 0,892 | 3,66 |
| COVID-19 pandemic will provide an advantage to Turkish clothing sector in global rivalry in medium and long term. | 0,552 | 3,62 | 0,943 | ||
| Effects of the pandemic on supply and online trade | COVID-19 pandemic has caused a decrease in our input numbers supplied from abroad. | 0,733 | 3,94 | 0,960 | 3,76 |
| COVID-19 pandemic has caused an increase in our enterprise’s online trade activities. | 0,580 | 3,57 | 1,050 |