Gender (male/female) |
5/13 |
242/208 |
χ2 = 3.922 |
0.047** |
1.769 |
1.159 |
3.154 |
Age (years,x̄ ± s) |
59.72 ± 7.19 |
56.34 ± 8.53 |
t = 2.472 |
0.012*** |
2.106 |
1.267 |
4.171 |
ASA score (e.g., I/II/III) |
9/7/2 |
192/238/20 |
Z = -0.774 |
0.452** |
0.972 |
0.984 |
1.013 |
BMI (kg/m2) |
23.92 ± 3.11 |
24.28 ± 3.21 |
t = 0.054 |
0.955* |
1.001 |
0.998 |
1.005 |
Preoperative comorbidities |
cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease (e.g., yes/no) |
2/16 |
33/417 |
χ2 = 0.216 |
0.635* |
0.805 |
0.475 |
1.592 |
Diabetes (e.g., yes/no) |
9/9 |
45/405 |
χ2 = 24.705 |
<0.001*** |
1.035 |
1.127 |
1.225 |
Hypertension (e.g., yes/no) |
4/14 |
76/374 |
χ2 = 0.060 |
0.805* |
1.168 |
1.117 |
1.692 |
UTI (e.g., yes/no) |
7/11 |
29/421 |
χ2 = 23.131 |
<0.001*** |
1.006 |
1.002 |
1.021 |
Preoperative albumin (g/L) |
36.12 ± 3.20 |
40.27 ± 3.08 |
t = –2.739 |
0.018*** |
1.702 |
1.049 |
2.283 |
Preoperative hemoglobin (g/L) |
134.27 ± 7.38 |
138.52 ± 8.59 |
t = –3.658 |
0.008*** |
1.533 |
1.063 |
2.161 |
Operated level (e.g., single level/multiple levels) |
5/13 |
289/161 |
χ2 = 13.621 |
<0.001*** |
1.701 |
1.129 |
2.147 |
Operative time (min) |
206.37 ± 15.58 |
181.15 ± 13.12 |
t = 8.515 |
<0.001*** |
1.604 |
1.302 |
2.315 |
Intraoperative blood loss (mL) |
262.24 ± 51.30 |
258.35 ± 49.06 |
0.320 |
0.731* |
1.157 |
1.078 |
1.703 |
Intraoperative allogeneic blood transfusion (e.g., yes/no) |
2/16 |
45/405 |
0.047 |
0.825* |
1.021 |
1.019 |
1.475 |
Post-operative drainage (mL) |
329.27 ± 53.69 |
291.52 ± 48.71 |
3.246 |
0.001*** |
1.005 |
1.035 |
1.081 |
Post-operative draining time (d) |
2.41 ± 0.45 |
2.02 ± 0.41 |
4.145 |
<0.001*** |
1.028 |
1.205 |
2.039 |