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Job insecurity and employee anxiety as predictors of compulsory citizenship behaviour: Psychological resilience as a mediator

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14 ago 2025
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Figure 1:

Research ModelNote: Direct effects are represented with straight arrows, while the dashed line is the mediator
Research ModelNote: Direct effects are represented with straight arrows, while the dashed line is the mediator

Bias-Corrected Bootstrapped Result

Hypotheses Path Indirect effect SE LLCI ULCI
H1 JI → PR → CCB −0.48 0.02 −0.46 −0.28
H2 EA → PR → CCB −0.46 0.09 −0.78 −0.35

Constructs and sources

Construct Items References
Job insecurity

Can you be pressured to accept an arrangement and cancel your

working relationship with your Hotel?

Your Hotel can do without you for a long time?

Can you be pressured to accept an early retirement?

Can you be temporarily laid off?

Can you be fired from your Hotel?

The future of your department or area is uncertain?

Your future salary will be reduced?

You will receive undesirable changes in your working hours and your job title?

Will be pressured to work fewer hours?

Lee et al (2008)
Employee Anxiety

To what extent has your work made you feel restless?

To what extent has your work made you feel worried?

To what extent has your work made you feel tense?

Warr (1990)
Psychological resilience

When I have a setback at work, I have trouble recovering from it and moving on

I can be “on my own,” so to speak, at work if I have to

I usually take stressful things at work in my stride

I can get through difficult times at work because I’ve experienced difficulties before

I feel I can handle many things at a time at my job

Paek et al (2015)
CCB

The management in this organization puts pressure on employees to engage in extra-role work activities beyond their formal job tasks

There is social pressure in this organization to work extra hours, beyond the formal workload and without any formal rewards

I feel that I am expected to invest more effort in this job than I want to and beyond my formal job requirements

I feel that I am forced to help customers beyond my formal obligations and even when I am short on time or energy

Vigoda-Gadot (2007)

Descriptive statistics and scale intercorrelations

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1. Gender 1
2. MaritalSta 0.298*** 1
3. Education −0.187*** −0.356*** 1
4. JI 0.062 −.066 −0.151*** 1
5. EA 0.174*** 0.291*** 0.548*** −0.133*** 1
6. PR −0.180*** −0.116* 0.130*** 0.361*** 0.072 1
7. CCB 0.252*** 0.404** −0.487*** −0.117* 0.667*** −0.124* 1

Results of the hypothesized relationship

Hypotheses Path Standardized estimates t-values Decision
H1 JI → PR −.244 6.432 Accepted
H2 JI → CB −.345 3.965 Accepted
H3 EA → PR −.495 10.518 Accepted
H4 EA → CCB −.440 5.792 Accepted
H5 PR → CCB .325 3.403 Accepted

Respondent's profile (n = 380)

Frequency %
Age
18–25 15 3.9
26–33 110 28.9
34–41 151 39.7
42–49 97 25.5
50–50+ 7 1.8
Gender
Male 208 54.7
Female 172 45.3
Education
Elementary Education 34 8.9
High school 152 40.0
Associate degree 138 36.3
Bachelor's degree 55 14.5
Postgraduate 1 0.3
Marital Status
Married 96 25.3
Single 284 74.7
Experience
I year 67 17.6
1–3 years 172 45.3
4–6 years 115 30.3
7–7+ 26 6.8

Factor loading, AVE & CR of Constructs

Constructs CFA Cronbach α AVE CR
Job Insecurity 0.976 0.74 0.93
JI1 0.941
JI2 0.929
JI3 0.924
JI4 0.917
JI5 0.903
JI6 0.890
JI7 0.886
JI8 0.884
JI9 0.859
Employee Anxiety 0.971 0.75 0.98
EA10 0.903
EA11 0.894
EA12 0.891
Psychological Resilience 0.912 0.82 0.95
PR13 0.892
PR14 0.878
PR15 0.878
PR16 0.877
PR17 0.832
Compulsory Citizenship Behaviour 0.974 0.75 0.89
CCB18 0.870
CCB19 0.849
CCB20 0.840
CCB21 0.830
CCB22 0.811