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Clustering and Analysing Relevant Policy Dimensions of Populist, Left-Wing, Centrist, and Right-Wing Parties across Europe

Elena Cossu
Elena Cossu
   | 01 giu 2023
Central European Journal of Public Policy's Cover Image
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Pubblicato online: 01 giu 2023
Pagine: 41 - 54
Ricevuto: 24 nov 2021
Accettato: 31 gen 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cejpp-2023-0004
© 2023 Elena Cossu, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1:

Distribution across the policy dimension of “immigration policy” and “improving public services versus reducing taxes” for ideological factions in 2014
Distribution across the policy dimension of “immigration policy” and “improving public services versus reducing taxes” for ideological factions in 2014

Fig. 2:

Distribution across the policy dimension of “immigration policy” and “improving public services versus reducing taxes” for ideological factions in 2019
Distribution across the policy dimension of “immigration policy” and “improving public services versus reducing taxes” for ideological factions in 2019

Fig. 3:

Distribution across the policy dimension of “immigration policy” and “improving public services versus reducing taxes” for geographical division in 2014
Distribution across the policy dimension of “immigration policy” and “improving public services versus reducing taxes” for geographical division in 2014

Fig. 4:

Distribution across the policy dimension of “immigration policy” and “improving public services versus reducing taxes” for geographical division in 2019.
Distribution across the policy dimension of “immigration policy” and “improving public services versus reducing taxes” for geographical division in 2019.

Factor loadings (rotated component matrix)

Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4 Factor 5
Position on social lifestyle (e.g. homosexuality) (9) 0.911 0.158 -0.224 0.100 -0.061
Position of the party in terms of their views on democratic freedoms and rights (2) 0.907 0.187 -0.267 0.004 -0.037
Position towards nationalism (8) 0.876 0.188 -0.364 0.000 -0.041
Position on civil liberties vs. law and order (8) 0.845 0.308 -0.319 -0.052 -0.043
Position on integration of immigrants and asylum seekers (multi-culturalism vs. assimilation) (3) 0.830 0.358 -0.321 0.047 0.000
Position on immigration policy (6) 0.829 0.362 -0.308 0.056 0.003
Position on urban vs. rural interests (8) 0.799 -0.032 -0.047 -0.167 -0.075
Position towards ethnic minorities (9) 0.749 0.366 -0.385 0.028 -0.057
Position on improving public services vs. reducing taxes (9) 0.317 0.908 0.001 -0.031 -0.013
Position on redistribution of wealth from the rich to the poor (8) 0.263 0.933 0.066 -0.019 -0.031
Position of the party in terms of its ideological stance on economic issues (9) 0.258 0.939 0.084 0.025 -0.054
Salience of anti-establishment and anti-elite rhetoric (5) 0.256 -0.234 -0.701 0.447 -0.110
Position on political decentralisation to regions/localities (9) 0.228 0.105 -0.394 -0.053 0.092
Position on deregulation (6) 0.172 0.954 0.133 -0.004 -0.013
Degree of dissent on European integration in 2014 (10) 0.136 -0.070 -0.077 -0.096 0.693
Position on state intervention in the economy (9) 0.126 0.954 0.117 0.009 -0.041
Relative salience of libertarian/traditional issues in the party’s public (8) 0.113 0.061 -0.190 0.358 -0.526
Salience of reducing political corruption (5) 0.054 -0.142 0.036 0.890 -0.005
Position of the party leadership on EU cohesion or regional policy(e.g. the structural funds) (7) -0.027 -0.208 0.850 0.217 0.131
Relative salience of European integration in the party’s public stance (3) -0.251 0.307 0.208 0.573 -0.171
Position of the party leadership on the internal market (i.e. free movement of goods, services, capital and labour) (7) -0.262 0.363 0.810 -0.044 0.123
Position of the party leadership on EU authority over member states’ economic and budgetary policies (7) -0.287 0.225 0.864 0.058 -0.018
Relative salience of economic issues in the party’s public stance -0.319 0.028 0.136 0.171 0.746
Overall orientation of the party leadership towards European integration (10) -0.392 0.143 0.869 -0.035 0.078
Position of the party leadership on EU foreign and security policy (7) -0.397 0.136 0.818 0.049 0.012

Division between centre, right, left and populist parties in 2014 and 2019

2014 2019
Left Centre Right Populist Left Centre Right Populist
Left 80 0 0 8 85 0 0 9
Centre 0 54 0 8 0 60 0 11
Right 0 0 87 31 0 0 75 37

Number of parties per political side in Europe in 2014 and 2019

2014 2019
Western Europe Central and Eastern Europe Northern Europe Southern Europe Western Europe Central and Eastern Europe Northern Europe Southern Europe
Left 31 21 12 14 30 21 14 15
Centre 16 18 7 13 17 29 5 8
Right 22 36 12 15 17 28 11 14
Populist 16 19 4 8 15 25 5 10

Distribution of clusters by political side and regions

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4
Left 1 43 6 21
Centre 2 27 21 1
Right 10 23 34 0
Populist 31 3 9 10
Western Europe 13 34 8 11
Central and Eastern Europe 21 34 44 4
Northern Europe 4 17 2 3
Southern Europe 6 11 16 14
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