This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
Vandevijvere S, Chow CC, Hall KD, Umali E, Swinburn BA. Increased food energy supply as a major driver of the obesity epidemic: A global analysis. Bull World Health Organ. 2015; 93(7): 446-456.VandevijvereSChowCCHallKDUmaliESwinburnBAIncreased food energy supply as a major driver of the obesity epidemic: A global analysis201593744645610.2471/BLT.14.150565449081626170502Search in Google Scholar
Van Gaal LF, Mertens IL, De Block CE. Mechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease. Nature. 2006; 444 (7121): 875-880.VanGaal LFMertensILDe BlockCEMechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease2006444712187588010.1038/nature0548717167476Search in Google Scholar
Maes HH, Neale MC, Eaves LJ. Genetic and environmental factors in relative body weight and human adiposity. Behav Genet. 1997; 27(4): 325-351.MaesHHNealeMCEavesLJGenetic and environmental factors in relative body weight and human adiposity199727432535110.1023/A:1025635913927Search in Google Scholar
Pérusse L, Bouchard C. Gene-diet interactions in obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 72(5 Suppl): 1285S-1290S.PérusseLBouchardCGene-diet interactions in obesity2000725 Suppl1285S129010.1093/ajcn/72.5.1285s11063470Search in Google Scholar
Bell CG, Walley AJ, Froguel P. The genetics of human obesity. Nat Rev Genet. 2005; 6(3): 221-234.BellCGWalleyAJFroguelPThe genetics of human obesity20056322123410.1038/nrg155615703762Search in Google Scholar
Bienertova-Vasku J, Bienert P, Sablikova L, Slovackova L, Forejt M, Piskackova Z, et al. Effect of ID ACE gene polymorphism on dietary composition and obesity-related anthropometric parameters in the Czech adult population. Genes Nutr. 2009; 4(30): 207-213.Bienertova-VaskuJBienertPSablikovaLSlovackovaLForejtMPiskackovaZet alEffect of ID ACE gene polymorphism on dietary composition and obesity-related anthropometric parameters in the Czech adult population200943020721310.1007/s12263-009-0130-9274574619609587Search in Google Scholar
van den Bree MB, Eaves LJ, Dwyer JT. Genetic and environmental influences on eating patterns of twins aged >/=50 y. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 70(4): 456-465vanden Bree MBEavesLJDwyerJTGenetic and environmental influences on eating patterns of twins aged >/=50 y199970445646510.1093/ajcn/70.4.45610500013Search in Google Scholar
Maes HH, Neale MC, Eaves LJ. Genetic and environmental factors in relative body weight and human adiposity. Behav Genet. 1997; 27(4): 325-351.MaesHHNealeMCEavesLJGenetic and environmental factors in relative body weight and human adiposity199727432535110.1023/A:1025635913927Search in Google Scholar
Kourlaba G, Pitsiladis YP, Lagou V, Grammatikaki E, Moran CN, Kondaki K, et al. Interaction efects between total energy and macronutrient intakes and angio-tensin-converting enzyme 1 (ACE) I/D polymorphism on adiposity-related phenotypes in toddlers and preschoolers: the growth, exercise and nutrition epidemiological study in preschoolers: The GENESIS study. [corrected] Br J Nutr. 2008; 100(6): 1333-1340.KourlabaGPitsiladisYPLagouVGrammatikakiEMoranCNKondakiKet alInteraction efects between total energy and macronutrient intakes and angio-tensin-converting enzyme 1 (ACE) I/D polymorphism on adiposity-related phenotypes in toddlers and preschoolers: the growth, exercise and nutrition epidemiological study in preschoolers: The GENESIS study200810061333134010.1017/S000711450898875918479585Search in Google Scholar
Rankinen T, Zuberi A, Chagnon YC, Weisnagel SJ, Argyropoulos G, Walts B, et al. The human obesity gene map: The 2005 update. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006; 14(4): 529-644.RankinenTZuberiAChagnonYCWeisnagelSJArgyropoulosGWaltsBet alThe human obesity gene map: The 2005 update200614452964410.1038/oby.2006.7116741264Search in Google Scholar
Snyder EE, Walts B, Pérusse L, Chagnon YC, Weisnagel SJ, Rankinen T, et al. The human obesity gene map: The 2003 update. Obes Res. 2004; 12(3): 369-439.SnyderEEWaltsBPérusseL,ChagnonYCWeisnagelSJRankinenTet alThe human obesity gene map: The 2003 update200412336943910.1038/oby.2004.4715044658Search in Google Scholar
Ghalandari H, Hosseini-Esfahani F, Mirmiran P. The association of polymorphisms in leptin/leptin receptor genes and ghrelin/ghrelin receptor genes with overweight/obesity and the related metabolic disturbances: A review. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2015; 13(3): e19073.GhalandariHHosseini-EsfahaniFMirmiranPThe association of polymorphisms in leptin/leptin receptor genes and ghrelin/ghrelin receptor genes with overweight/obesity and the related metabolic disturbances: A review2015133e1907310.5812/ijem.19073v2458442026425125Search in Google Scholar
Fischer H, Heidemann T, Hengst K, Domschke W, Konturek JW. Disturbed gastric motility and pancreatic hormone release in diabetes mellitus. J Physiol Pharmacol. 1998; 49(4): 529-541.FischerHHeidemannTHengstKDomschkeWKonturekJWDisturbed gastric motility and pancreatic hormone release in diabetes mellitus1998494529541Search in Google Scholar
Korbonits M, Goldstone AP, Gueorguiev M, Grossman AB. Ghrelin-a hormone with multiple functions. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2004; 25(1): 27-68.KorbonitsMGoldstoneAPGueorguievMGrossmanABGhrelin-a hormone with multiple functions2004251276810.1016/j.yfrne.2004.03.00215183037Search in Google Scholar
Zhang JV, Ren PG, Avsian-Kretchmer O, Luo CW, Rauch R, Klein C, et al. Obestatin, a peptide encoded by the ghrelin gene, opposes ghrelin’s effects on food intake. Science. 2005; 310(5750): 996-999.ZhangJVRenPGAvsian-KretchmerOLuoCWRauchRKleinCet alObestatin, a peptide encoded by the ghrelin gene, opposes ghrelin’s effects on food intake2005310575099699910.1126/science.111725516284174Search in Google Scholar
Murdolo G, Lucidi P, Di Loreto C, Parlanti N, De Cicco A, Fatone C, et al. Insulin is required for prandial ghrelin suppression in humans. Diabetes. 2003; 52(12): 2923-2927.MurdoloGLucidiPDiLoreto CParlantiNDeCicco AFatoneCet alInsulin is required for prandial ghrelin suppression in humans200352122923292710.2337/diabetes.52.12.292314633852Search in Google Scholar
Delhanty PJ, van der Lely AJ. Ghrelin and glucose homeostasis. Peptides. 2003; 32(11): 2309-2318.DelhantyPJvan derLely AJGhrelin and glucose homeostasis200332112309231810.1016/j.peptides.2011.03.00121396419Search in Google Scholar
Tschop M, Weyer C, Tataranni PA, Devanarayan V, Ravussin E, Heiman ML. Circulating ghrelin levels are decreased in human obesity. Diabetes. 2001; 50(4): 707-709.TschopMWeyerCTataranniPADevanarayanVRavussinEHeimanMLCirculating ghrelin levels are decreased in human obesity200150470770910.2337/diabetes.50.4.70711289032Search in Google Scholar
Shiiya T, Nakazato M, Mizuta M, Date Y, Mondal MS, Tanaka M, et al. Plasma ghrelin levels in lean and obese humans and the effect of glucose on ghrelin secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002; 87(1): 240-244.ShiiyaTNakazatoMMizutaMDateYMondalMSTanakaMet alPlasma ghrelin levels in lean and obese humans and the effect of glucose on ghrelin secretion200287124024410.1210/jcem.87.1.812911788653Search in Google Scholar
Poykko SM, Kellokoski E, Horkko S, Kauma H, Kesaniemi YA, Ukkola O. Low plasma ghrelin is associated with insulin resistance, hypertension, and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2003; 52(10): 2546-2553.PoykkoSMKellokoskiEHorkkoSKaumaHKesaniemiYAUkkolaOLow plasma ghrelin is associated with insulin resistance, hypertension, and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes200352102546255310.2337/diabetes.52.10.254614514639Search in Google Scholar
Miraglia del Giudice E, Santoro N, Cirillo G, Raimondo P, Grandone A, D’Aniello A, et al. Molecular screening of the ghrelin gene in Italian obese children: The Leu72Met variant is associated with an earlier onset of obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004; 28(3): 447-450.Miragliadel Giudice ESantoroNCirilloGRaimondoPGrandoneAD’AnielloAet alMolecular screening of the ghrelin gene in Italian obese children: The Leu72Met variant is associated with an earlier onset of obesity200428344745010.1038/sj.ijo.080257214724664Search in Google Scholar
Kuzuya M, Ando F, Iguchi A, Shimokata H. Preproghrelin Leu72Met variant contributes to overweight in middle-aged men of a Japanese large cohort. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006; 30(11): 1609-1614.KuzuyaMAndoFIguchiAShimokataHPreproghrelin Leu72Met variant contributes to overweight in middle-aged men of a Japanese large cohort200630111609161410.1038/sj.ijo.080329616865101Search in Google Scholar
Larsen LH, Gjesing AP, Sørensen TI, Hamid YH, Echwald SM, Toubro S, et al. Mutation analysis of the preproghrelin gene: No association with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Clin Biochem. 2005; 38(5): 420-424.LarsenLHGjesingAPSørensenTI,HamidYHEchwaldSMToubroSet alMutation analysis of the preproghrelin gene: No association with obesity and type 2 diabetes200538542042410.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.01.00815820771Search in Google Scholar
Zhang S, Zhai G, Zhang J, Zhou J, Chen C. Ghrelin and obestatin plasma levels and ghrelin/obestatin prepropeptide gene polymorphisms in small for gestational age infants. J Int Med Res. 2014; 42(6): 1232-1242.ZhangSZhaiGZhangJZhouJChenCGhrelin and obestatin plasma levels and ghrelin/obestatin prepropeptide gene polymorphisms in small for gestational age infants20144261232124210.1177/030006051453352525223427Search in Google Scholar
Ergoren MC, Soyler G, Sah H, Becer E. Investigation of potential genomic biomarkers for obesity and personalized medicine. Int J Biol Macromol. 2019; 122: 493-498.ErgorenMCSoylerGSahHBecerEInvestigation of potential genomic biomarkers for obesity and personalized medicine201912249349810.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.05930416093Search in Google Scholar
Rahman M, Berenson AB. Accuracy of current body mass index obesity classification for white, black, and Hispanic reproductive-age women. Obst Gynecol. 2010; 115(5): 982-988.RahmanMBerensonABAccuracy of current body mass index obesity classification for white, black, and Hispanic reproductive-age women2010115598298810.1097/AOG.0b013e3181da9423288659620410772Search in Google Scholar
Morimoto A, Tatsumi Y, Soyano F, Miyamatsu N, Sonoda N, Godai K, et al. Increase in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) had a strong impact on the development of type 2 diabetes in Japanese individuals with impaired insulin secretion: The Saku study. PloS One. 2014; 9(8): e105827.MorimotoATatsumiYSoyanoFMiyamatsuNSonodaNGodaiKet alIncrease in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) had a strong impact on the development of type 2 diabetes in Japanese individuals with impaired insulin secretion: The Saku study201498e10582710.1371/journal.pone.0105827414834225166121Search in Google Scholar
Wang K, Wang L, Zhao Y, Shi Y, Wang L, Chen ZJ. No association of the Arg51Gln and Leu72Met polymorphisms of the ghrelin gene and polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod. 2010; 24(2): 485-490.WangKWangLZhaoYShiYWangLChenZJNo association of the Arg51Gln and Leu72Met polymorphisms of the ghrelin gene and polycystic ovary syndrome201024248549010.1093/humrep/den43019049992Search in Google Scholar
Ensembl Genome Browser [Internet]. Available from http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Variation/Population?db=core;r=3:10289335-10290335;v=rs34911341;vdb=variation;vf=616156581.Available fromhttp://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Variation/Population?db=core;r=3:1028933510290335;v=rs34911341;vdb=variation;vf=616156581Search in Google Scholar
Northern Cyprus State Planning Organization, 2006. Available from: http://nufussayimi.devplan.org/Kesin-sonuc-index_en.html2006Available fromhttp://nufussayimi.devplan.org/Kesin-sonuc-index_en.htmlSearch in Google Scholar
Li P, Tiwari HK, Lin WY, Allison AD, Chung WK, Leibel RL, et al. Genetic association analysis of 30 genes related to obesity in a European American population. Int J Obes. 2014; 38(5): 724-729.LiPTiwariHKLinWYAllisonADChungWKLeibelRLet alGenetic association analysis of 30 genes related to obesity in a European American population201438572472910.1038/ijo.2013.140390901823900445Search in Google Scholar
Becer E, Mehmetcik G, Bareke H, Serakinci N. Association of leptin receptor gene Q223R polymorphism on lipid profiles in comparison study between obese and non-obese subjects. Gene. 2003; 529(1): 16-20.BecerEMehmetcikGBarekeHSerakinciNAssociation of leptin receptor gene Q223R polymorphism on lipid profiles in comparison study between obese and non-obese subjects20035291162010.1016/j.gene.2013.08.00323954230Search in Google Scholar
Cho YH, Lee SY, Jeong DW, Cho AR, Jeon JS, Kim YJ, et al. Metabolic syndrome is associated with lower plasma levels of desacyl ghrelin and total ghrelin in asymptomatic middle-aged Korean men. J Obes Metab Synd. 2017; 26(2): 114-121.ChoYHLeeSYJeongDWChoARJeonJSKimYJet alMetabolic syndrome is associated with lower plasma levels of desacyl ghrelin and total ghrelin in asymptomatic middle-aged Korean men201726211412110.7570/jomes.2017.26.2.114648490331089505Search in Google Scholar
You Y, Yu Y, Wu Y, Rao W, Zhang Y, Liu Y, et al. Association study between ghrelin gene polymorphism and metabolic syndrome in a Han Chinese population. Clin Lab. 2017; 63(1): 175-181.YouYYuYWuYRaoWZhangYLiuYet alAssociation study between ghrelin gene polymorphism and metabolic syndrome in a Han Chinese population201763117518110.7754/Clin.Lab.2016.16071528164505Search in Google Scholar
Berthold HK, Giannakidou E, Krone W, Trégouët DA, Gouni-Berthold I. Influence of ghrelin gene polymorphisms on hypertension and atherosclerotic disease. Hypertens Res. 2010; 33(2): 155-160.BertholdHKGiannakidouEKroneWTrégouëtDAGouni-BertholdIInfluence of ghrelin gene polymorphisms on hypertension and atherosclerotic disease201033215516010.1038/hr.2009.19420010782Search in Google Scholar
dos Santos IC, Frigeri HR, Daga DR, Rea RR, Almeida AC, de Souza EM, et al. The ghrelin gene allele 51Q (rs34911341) is a protective factor against the development of gestational diabetes. Clin Chim Acta. 2010; 411(11-12): 886-887.dosSantos ICFrigeriHRDagaDRReaRRAlmeidaACdeSouza EMet alThe ghrelin gene allele 51Q (rs34911341) is a protective factor against the development of gestational diabetes201041111-1288688710.1016/j.cca.2010.02.01020152820Search in Google Scholar
Ukkola O, Ravussin E, Jacobson P, Pérusse L, Rankinen T, Tschöp M, et al. Role of ghrelin polymorphisms in obesity based on three different studies. Obes Res. 2002; 10(8): 782-791.UkkolaORavussinEJacobsonPPérusseL,RankinenTTschöpMet alRole of ghrelin polymorphisms in obesity based on three different studies200210878279110.1038/oby.2002.10612181387Search in Google Scholar
Suchankova P, Yan J, Schwandt ML, Stangl BL, Jerlhag E, Engel JA, et al. The Leu72Met polymorphism of the prepro-ghrelin gene is associated with alcohol consumption and subjective responses to alcohol: Preliminary findings. Alcohol Alcohol. 2017; 52(4): 425-430.SuchankovaPYanJSchwandtMLStanglBLJerlhagEEngelJAet alThe Leu72Met polymorphism of the prepro-ghrelin gene is associated with alcohol consumption and subjective responses to alcohol: Preliminary findings201752442543010.1093/alcalc/agx021586051928481975Search in Google Scholar
Ando T, Komaki G, Naruo T, Okabe K, Takii M, Kawai K, et al. Possible role of preproghrelin gene poly-morphisms in susceptibility to bulimia nervosa. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2006; 141B(8): 929-934.AndoTKomakiGNaruoTOkabeKTakiiMKawaiKet alPossible role of preproghrelin gene poly-morphisms in susceptibility to bulimia nervosa2006141B8929–93410.1002/ajmg.b.3038716921495Search in Google Scholar
Steinle NI, Pollin TI, O’Connell JR, Mitchell BD, Shuldinr AR. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005; 90(12): 6672-6677.SteinleNIPollinTIO’ConnellJRMitchellBDShuldinrAR200590126672667710.1210/jc.2005-054916204371Search in Google Scholar
Huang R, Tian S, Cai R, Sun J, Shen Y, Wang S. Ethnicity-specific association between ghrelin Leu72Met polymorphism and type 2 diabetes mellitus susceptibility: An updated meta-analysis. Front Genet. 2018; 9: 541.HuangRTianSCaiRSunJShenYWangSEthnicity-specific association between ghrelin Leu72Met polymorphism and type 2 diabetes mellitus susceptibility: An updated meta-analysis2018954110.3389/fgene.2018.00541624665330487812Search in Google Scholar
Su M, Qiu L, Wang Q, Jiang Z, Liu XJ, Lin J, et al. Associations of Leu72Met polymorphism of preproghrelin with ratios of plasma lipids are diversified by a high-carbohydrate diet in healthy Chinese adolescents. Ann Nutr Metab. 2015; 67(4): 236-242.SuMQiuLWangQJiangZLiuXJLinJet alAssociations of Leu72Met polymorphism of preproghrelin with ratios of plasma lipids are diversified by a high-carbohydrate diet in healthy Chinese adolescents201567423624210.1159/00044077726536003Search in Google Scholar