[
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) (2007). Official Methods of Analysis (18th ed.), ed. by Horwitz W. and Latimer W., AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Benedeti P.D., Paulino P.V., Marcondes M.I., Valadares Filho S.C., Martins T.S., Lisboa E.F., Silva L.H., Teixeira C.R., Duarte M.S. (2014). Soybean meal replaced by slow release urea in finishing diets for beef cattle. Livest Sci., 165: 51–60.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Bradshaw W.L., Hinman D.D., Bull R.C., Everson D.O., Sorensen S.J.(1996). Effects of barley variety and processing methods on feedlot steer performance and carcass characteristics. J. Anim. Sci., 74: 18–24.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Calsamiglia S., Ferret A., Reynolds C.K., Kristensen N.B., Van Vuuren A.M. (2010). Strategies for optimizing nitrogen use by ruminants. Animal, 4: 1184–1196.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Chalupa W., Sniffen C.J.(1991). Protein and amino acid nutrition of lactating dairy cattle. Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Food A., 7: 353–372.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Chow J.M., Russell J.B.(1990). Effect of ionophores and pH on growth of Streptococcus bovis in batch and continuous culture. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 56: 1588–1593.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
FAOSTAT (2017). Food and agriculture data. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistics Division, Rome, Italy. Accessed Nov. 19, 2019.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Firkins J.L.(1996). Altering ruminal nitrogen metabolism to improve protein utilization maximizing microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. J. Nutr., 126: 1347–1354.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Firkins J.L., Yu Z., Morrison M.(2007). Ruminal nitrogen metabolism: Perspectives for integration of microbiology and nutrition for dairy. J. Dairy Sci., 90: E1–E16.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Golombeski G.L., Kalscheur K.F., Hippen A.R., Schingoethe D.J.(2006). Slow-release urea and highly fermentable sugars in diets fed to lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 89: 4395–4403.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hannukkala A., Huhtanen P.(1986). Urea treatment of barley grain. Effect on storage properties and fungal growth. Agr. Food Sci., 58: 197–208.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Highstreet A., Robinson P.H., Robison J., Garrett J.G.(2010). Response of Holstein cows to replacing urea with with a slowly rumen released urea in a diet high in soluble crude protein. Livest. Sci., 129: 179–185.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Humer E., Zebeli Q.(2017). Grains in ruminant feeding and potentials to enhance their nutritive and health value by chemical processing. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 226: 133–151.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Huntington G.B., Harmon D.L., Kristensen N.B., Hanson K.C., Spears J.W.(2006). Effects of a slow-release urea source on absorption of ammonia and endogenous production of urea by cattle. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 130: 225–241.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Józefiak D., Kierończyk B., Juśkiewicz J., Zduńczyk Z., Rawski M., Długosz J., Sip A., Højberg O. (2013). Dietary nisin modulates the gastrointestinal microbial ecology and enhances growth performance of the broiler chickens. PLoS ONE, 8: 1–11.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Khafipour E., Li S., Plaizier J.C., Krause D.O.(2009). Rumen microbiome composition determined using two nutritional models of subacute ruminal acidosis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 75: 7115–7124.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kim S.W., Less J.F., Wang L., Yan T., Kiron V., Kaushik S.J., Lei X.G.(2019). Meeting global feed protein demand: challenge, opportunity, and strategy. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci., 7: 17.1–17.23.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Koike S., Kobayashi Y.(2001). Development and use of competitive PCR assays for the rumen cellulolytic bacteria: Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 204: 361–366.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Li M., Penner G.B., Hernandez-Sanabria E., Oba M., Guan L.L.(2009). Effects of sampling location and time, and host animal on assessment of bacterial diversity and fermentation parameters in the bovine rumen. J. Appl. Microbiol., 107: 1924–1934.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Lines L.W., Koch M.E., Weiss W.P.(1996). Effect of ammoniation on the chemical composition of alfalfa hay baled with varying concentrations of moisture. J. Dairy Sci., 79: 2000–2004.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Low S., Kellaway R.(1983). The utilization of ammonia-treated whole wheat grain by young steers. Anim. Sci. J., 37: 113–118.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Miura H., Horiguchi M., Matsumoto T.(1980). Nutritional interdependence among rumen bacteria, Bacteroides amylophilus, Megaspaera elsdenii, and Ruminococcus albus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 40: 294–300.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Nikulina A., Sarnataro C., Fabro C., Mason F., Spanghero M.(2018). In vitro ammonia release of urea-treated high moisture barley and maize grain. J. Anim. Feed Sci., 27: 173–178.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Nordlund K.V., Garrett E.F.(1994). Rumenocentesis: a technique for collecting rumen fluid for the diagnosis of subacute rumen acidosis in dairy herds. The Bovine Practitioner, 28: 109–112.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ørskov E., Barnes B., Lukins B.(1980). A note on the effect of different amounts of NaOH application on digestibility by cattle of barley, oats, wheat and maize. J. Agric. Sci., 94: 271–273.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Owens F.N., Secrist D.S., Hill W.J., Gill D.R.(1998). Acidosis in cattle: a review. J. Anim. Sci., 76: 275–286.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Palmonari A., Stevenson D.M., Mertens D.R., Cruywagen C.W., Weimer P.J.(2010). pH dynamics and bacterial community composition in the rumen of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 93: 279–287.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Patra A.K., Aschenbach J.R.(2018). Ureases in the gastrointestinal tracts of ruminant and monogastric animals and their implication in urea-N/ammonia metabolism: A review. J. Adv. Res., 13: 39–50.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Patra A.K., Yu Z.(2014). Effects of vanillin, quillaja saponin, and essential oils on in vitro fermentation and protein-degrading microorganisms of the rumen. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 98: 897–905.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Petit H.V., Ivan M., Mir P.S.(2005). Effects of flaxseed on protein requirements and N excretion of dairy cows fed diets with two protein concentrations. J. Dairy Sci., 88: 1755–1764.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Potu R.B., Abu Ghazaleh A.A., Hastings D., Jones K., Ibrahim S.A.(2011). The effect of lipid supplements on ruminal bacteria in continuous culture fermenters varies with the fatty acid composition. J. Microbiol., 49: 216–223.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Rico D.E., Preston S.H., Risser J.M., Harvatine K.J.(2015). Rapid changes in key ruminal microbial populations during the induction of and recovery from diet-induced milk fat depression in dairy cows. Brit. J. Nutr., 114: 358–367.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Robinson P.H., Kennelly J.J.(1989). Influence of ammoniation of, high-moisture barley on digestibility, kinetics of rumen ingesta turnover, and milk production in dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 69: 195–203.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Schiere J.B., de Wit J.(1995). Feeding urea ammonia treated rice straw in the tropics. II. Assumptions on nutritive value and their validity for least cost ration formulation. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 51: 45–63.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Schmittgen T.D., Livak K.J.(2008). Analyzing real-time PCR data by the comparative CT method. Nat. Protoc., 3: 1101–1108.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sinclair L.A., Blake C.W., Griffin P., Jones G.H.(2012). The partial replacement of soyabean meal and rapeseed meal with feed grade urea or a slow-release urea and its effect on the performance, metabolism and digestibility in dairy cows. Animal, 6: 920–927.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sjaunja L.O., Baevre L., Junkkarinen L., Pedersen J.(1990). A Nordic proposal for an energy corrected milk (ECM) formula. 27th Session of ICRPMA, pp. 156–157.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Soliva C.R., Meile L., Cieslak A., Kreuzer M., Machmu¨ller A.(2004). Rumen simulation technique study on the interactions of dietary lauric and myristic acid supplementation in suppressing ruminal methanogenesis. Brit. J. Nutr., 92: 689–700.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Srivastava V.K., Mowat D.N.(1980). Preservation and processing of whole high moisture shelled corn with ammonia. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 60: 683–688.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Stevenson D.M., Weimer P.J.(2007). Dominance of Prevotella and low abundance of classical ruminal bacterial species in the bovine rumen revealed by relative quantification real-time PCR. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 75: 165–174.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Szumacher-Strabel M., Zmora P., Roj E., Stochmal A., Pers-Kamczyc E., Urbańczyk A., Oleszek W., Lechniak D., Cieślak A. (2011). The potential of the wild dog rose (Rosa canina) to mitigate in vitro rumen methane production. J. Anim. Feed Sci., 20: 285–299.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wallace R.J.(1979). Effect of ammonia concentration on the composition, hydrolytic activity and nitrogen metabolism of the microbial flora of the rumen. J. Appl. Microbiol., 47: 443–455.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wolin M.J.(1960). A theoretical rumen fermentation balance. J. Dairy Sci., 43: 1452–1459.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Yu Z., Morrison M.(2004). Improved extraction of PCR-quality community DNA from digesta and fecal samples. BioTechniques, 36: 808–812.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Zhang S., Cheng L., Guo X., Ma C., Guo A., Moonsan Y.(2016). Effects of urea supplementation on rumen fermentation characteristics and protozoa population in vitro. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 44: 1–4.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Zijderveld S.M.van, Fonken B., Dijkstra J., Gerrits W.J., Perdok H.B., Fok-kink W., Newbold J.R. (2011). Effects of a combination of feed additives on methane production, diet digestibility, and animal performance in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 94: 1445–1454.
]Search in Google Scholar