Accesso libero

The association of air pollutants (CO2, MTBE) on Candida albicans and Candida glabrata drug resistance

Sahar Ghazanfari
Sahar Ghazanfari
, 
Shahla Roudbar Mohammadi
Shahla Roudbar Mohammadi
, 
Sassan Rezaie
Sassan Rezaie
, 
Sadegh Khodavaisy
Sadegh Khodavaisy
 e 
Ali Akbar Samadani
Ali Akbar Samadani
   | 29 giu 2022
Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej's Cover Image
INFORMAZIONI SU QUESTO ARTICOLO
Articolo precedente
Articolo Successivo
Cita
Article Category: Original Study
Pubblicato online: 29 giu 2022
Pagine: 243 - 253
Ricevuto: 09 dic 2020
Accettato: 19 ago 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ahem-2022-0004
Parole chiave
© 2022 Sahar Ghazanfari et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1

Sensitivity pattern of C. albicans and C. glabrata
Sensitivity pattern of C. albicans and C. glabrata

Fig. 2

Total result of C. glabrata. genes expression (ERG11, EPA1, SAP3)
Total result of C. glabrata. genes expression (ERG11, EPA1, SAP3)

Fig. 3

Total result of C. albicans genes expression (CDR1, HWP1, SAP1-3)
Total result of C. albicans genes expression (CDR1, HWP1, SAP1-3)

Fig. 4

Result of biofilm formation for C. albicans according to the effects of CO2 and MTBE
Result of biofilm formation for C. albicans according to the effects of CO2 and MTBE

Fig. 5

Result of biofilm formation for C. glabrata according to the effects of CO2 and MTBE
Result of biofilm formation for C. glabrata according to the effects of CO2 and MTBE

Sequences of primers used in Real-time PCR reaction in C. albicans and C. glabrata

Gene Primer Sequence (5′->3′)
Sap1 Forward TGGGTTCCTGATGCTTCTGTT
Reverse TCGGCAAAGACTTGCTTTGTG
Sap2 Forward GGGGACATATGATCCAAGTGGT
Reverse CCACCGGCTTCATTGGTTTT
Sap3 Forward ATGTTACTGGTCCCCAAGGTG
Reverse CCTTGACCAGCTTGACATGAA
HWP1 Forward AATCATCAGCTCCTGCCACTG
Reverse GTCGTAGAGACGACAGCACTA
CDR1 Forward GGTGCTAATATCCAATGTTGG
Reverse GTAATGGTTCTCTTTCAGCTG
EPA1 Forward GGTCACTTACCCGCAAGCTA
Reverse CCAGATGGCGTAGGCTTGAT
ERG11 Forward GAGATTGCACCACCCATTGC
Reverse TGGAGATAGCACCGAAACCG
β-actin Forward ACGGTATTGTTTCCAACTGGGACG
Reverse TGGAGCTTCGGTCAACAAAACTGG

MIC result after CO2 exposure and MTBE in C. albicans and C. glabrata

No Spp After 2 weeks with %5 CO2 After 4 weeks with %5 CO2 After 2 weeks with 5mg/dl MTBE After 4 weeks with 5mg/dl MTBE
Flu Itra Flu Itra Flu Itra Flu Itra
TMML1 C. glabrata 4 1 4 1 2 2 32 8
TMML2 C. glabrata 2 0.5 2 0.5 1 0.5 16 2
TMML3 C. glabrata 2 0.5 4 0.5 0.5 1 16 2
TMML4 C. glabrata 2 0.5 4 1 0.5 0.25 16 4
TMML5 C. glabrata 2 0.5 2 0.5 2 0.5 16 4
TMML6 C. glabrata 4 0.5 64 16 0.5 1 32 2
TMML7 C. glabrata 2 0.5 2 0.5 0.5 0.062 0.5 0.125
TMML8 C. glabrata 2 0.5 4 0.5 1 0.5 32 4
TMML9 C. glabrata 4 1 64 16 1 1 16 8
TMML10 C. glabrata 2 0.125 64 16 0.5 0.25 32 2
TMML11 C. albicans 0.125 0.062 0.5 0.125 1 0.4 16 4
TMML12 C. albicans 64 16 64 16 2 2 64 16
TMML13 C. albicans 64 16 64 16 0.125 0.125 0.125 0.25
TMML14 C. albicans 64 16 64 16 0.5 0.25 1 0.25
TMML15 C. albicans 64 16 64 16 1 0.25 16 8
TMML16 C. albicans 64 16 64 16 4 2 64 16
TMML17 C. albicans 64 16 64 16 2 2 64 16
TMML18 C. albicans 0.025 0.025 64 16 1 0.25 16 16
TMML19 C. albicans 64 16 64 16 1 0.25 2 0.5
TMML20 C. albicans 64 16 64 16 0.5 0.5 1 0.5
TMML21 C. albicans 64 16 64 16 0.5 0.5 1 0.5
TMML22 C. albicans 64 16 64 16 0.25 0.25 1 0.5
TMML23 C. albicans 64 16 64 16 2 0.125 64 16
TMML24 C. albicans 64 16 64 16 0.5 1 0.5 0.5
TMML25 C. albicans 1 0.5 2 0.5 0.25 0.125 2 0.5
TMML26 C. albicans 0.062 0.031 64 16 0.25 0.125 0.25 0.125
TMML27 C. albicans 1 0.25 2 1 0.25 0.5 1 0.5
TMML28 C. albicans 64 16 64 16 0.25 0.062 0.25 0.25
TMML29 C. albicans 64 16 64 16 0.5 1 16 4
TMML30 C. albicans 64 16 64 16 0.25 0.062 0.25 0.5

Isolates of C. albicans and C. glabrata which were sensitive for both drugs with PCR-RFLP

TMML no Source sample MIC (µg/ml) Itr MIC (µg/ml) Flu Candida spp
TMML1 BAL 0.016 0.125 albicans
TMML2 sputum 0.25 2 albicans
TMML3 sputum 0.125 1 albicans
TMML4 sputum 0.5 1 albicans
TMML5 mouth 0.016 1 albicans
TMML6 nail 0.5 1 albicans
TMML7 nail 1 2 albicans
TMML8 BAL 0.016 1 albicans
TMML9 nail 0.062 0.5 albicans
TMML10 groin 0.016 0.5 albicans
TMML11 BAL 0.016 0.5 albicans
TMML12 BAL 0.062 0.5 albicans
TMML13 sputum 0.125 0.25 albicans
TMML14 sputum 0.125 0.25 albicans
TMML15 sputum 0.016 0.5 albicans
TMML16 sputum 0.016 0.25 albicans
TMML17 skin 0.5 2 albicans
TMML18 sputum 0.125 0.5 albicans
TMML19 groin 0.016 1 albicans
TMML20 sputum 0.031 0.5 albicans
TMML21 stool 1 8 glabrata
TMML22 sputum 0.5 8 glabrata
TMML23 sputum 1 16 glabrata
TMML24 sputum 1 8 glabrata
TMML25 sputum 0.25 8 glabrata
TMML26 sputum 1 16 glabrata
TMML27 sputum 0.125 16 glabrata
TMML28 sputum 1 8 glabrata
TMML29 skin 1 8 glabrata
TMML30 BAL 0.062 1 glabrata

Dispersion the sources of Candida isolates

Nature of specimen C. albicans C. glabrata Other spices Number of Candida spp %
BAL 8 3 8 19 18.02
SPUTUM 13 10 31 54 51.42
NAIL 6 2 4 12 11.42
MOUTH 2 - 2 4 3.8
GROIN 3 - 4 7 6.68
SKIN 1 1 4 6 5.81
STOOL - 1 2 3 2.85
Total 33 17 60 105

Expression of CDR1, HWP1, SAP1-3 genes in comparison with β-actin in C. albicans

Gene Type Reaction Efficiency Expression Std. Error 95% C.I. P(H1) Result
CDR1 TRG 1.0 1.623 0.160 - 20.966 0.035 - 68.781 0.342
HWP1 TRG 1.0 1.300 0.069 - 21.856 0.009 - 533.742 0.702
SAp3 TRG 1.0 2.298 0.471 - 20.190 0.077 - 48.176 0.042 UP
Ssp2 TRG 1.0 4.547 0.388 - 86.223 0.007 - 849.223 0.024 UP
Sap1 TRG 1.0 2.243 0.025 - 763.031 0.000 - 12,429.932 0.491
B-act REF 1.0 1.000

Expression of ERG11, EPA1, SAP3 genes in comparison with β-actin in C. glabrata

Gene Type Reaction Efficiency Expression Std. Error 95% C.I. P(H1) Result
ERG11 TRG 1.0 0.876 0.045 - 29.445 0.000 - 123.640 0.894
EPA1 TRG 1.0 64.669 1.893 - 866.949 0.438 - 8,060.454 0.000 UP
SAP3 TRG 1.0 0.745 0.009 - 17.387 0.000 - 434.218 0.784
B-act REF 1.0 1.000
eISSN:
1732-2693
Lingua:
Inglese
Frequenza di pubblicazione:
Volume Open
Argomenti della rivista:
Life Sciences, Molecular Biology, Microbiology and Virology, Medicine, Basic Medical Science, Immunology
Feed RSS della rivista