The association of air pollutants (CO2, MTBE) on Candida albicans and Candida glabrata drug resistance
Article Category: Original Study
Publié en ligne: 29 juin 2022
Pages: 243 - 253
Reçu: 09 déc. 2020
Accepté: 19 août 2021
© 2022 Sahar Ghazanfari et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Sequences of primers used in Real-time PCR reaction in C. albicans and C. glabrata
Gene |
Primer |
Sequence (5′->3′) |
Sap1 |
Forward |
TGGGTTCCTGATGCTTCTGTT |
Reverse |
TCGGCAAAGACTTGCTTTGTG |
Sap2 |
Forward |
GGGGACATATGATCCAAGTGGT |
Reverse |
CCACCGGCTTCATTGGTTTT |
Sap3 |
Forward |
ATGTTACTGGTCCCCAAGGTG |
Reverse |
CCTTGACCAGCTTGACATGAA |
HWP1 |
Forward |
AATCATCAGCTCCTGCCACTG |
Reverse |
GTCGTAGAGACGACAGCACTA |
CDR1 |
Forward |
GGTGCTAATATCCAATGTTGG |
Reverse |
GTAATGGTTCTCTTTCAGCTG |
EPA1 |
Forward |
GGTCACTTACCCGCAAGCTA |
Reverse |
CCAGATGGCGTAGGCTTGAT |
ERG11 |
Forward |
GAGATTGCACCACCCATTGC |
Reverse |
TGGAGATAGCACCGAAACCG |
β-actin |
Forward |
ACGGTATTGTTTCCAACTGGGACG |
Reverse |
TGGAGCTTCGGTCAACAAAACTGG |
MIC result after CO2 exposure and MTBE in C. albicans and C. glabrata
No |
Spp |
After 2 weeks with %5 CO2 |
After 4 weeks with %5 CO2 |
After 2 weeks with 5mg/dl MTBE |
After 4 weeks with 5mg/dl MTBE |
|
|
Flu |
Itra |
Flu |
Itra |
Flu |
Itra |
Flu |
Itra |
TMML1 |
C. glabrata |
4 |
1 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
32 |
8 |
TMML2 |
C. glabrata |
2 |
0.5 |
2 |
0.5 |
1 |
0.5 |
16 |
2 |
TMML3 |
C. glabrata |
2 |
0.5 |
4 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
1 |
16 |
2 |
TMML4 |
C. glabrata |
2 |
0.5 |
4 |
1 |
0.5 |
0.25 |
16 |
4 |
TMML5 |
C. glabrata |
2 |
0.5 |
2 |
0.5 |
2 |
0.5 |
16 |
4 |
TMML6 |
C. glabrata |
4 |
0.5 |
64 |
16 |
0.5 |
1 |
32 |
2 |
TMML7 |
C. glabrata |
2 |
0.5 |
2 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.062 |
0.5 |
0.125 |
TMML8 |
C. glabrata |
2 |
0.5 |
4 |
0.5 |
1 |
0.5 |
32 |
4 |
TMML9 |
C. glabrata |
4 |
1 |
64 |
16 |
1 |
1 |
16 |
8 |
TMML10 |
C. glabrata |
2 |
0.125 |
64 |
16 |
0.5 |
0.25 |
32 |
2 |
TMML11 |
C. albicans |
0.125 |
0.062 |
0.5 |
0.125 |
1 |
0.4 |
16 |
4 |
TMML12 |
C. albicans |
64 |
16 |
64 |
16 |
2 |
2 |
64 |
16 |
TMML13 |
C. albicans |
64 |
16 |
64 |
16 |
0.125 |
0.125 |
0.125 |
0.25 |
TMML14 |
C. albicans |
64 |
16 |
64 |
16 |
0.5 |
0.25 |
1 |
0.25 |
TMML15 |
C. albicans |
64 |
16 |
64 |
16 |
1 |
0.25 |
16 |
8 |
TMML16 |
C. albicans |
64 |
16 |
64 |
16 |
4 |
2 |
64 |
16 |
TMML17 |
C. albicans |
64 |
16 |
64 |
16 |
2 |
2 |
64 |
16 |
TMML18 |
C. albicans |
0.025 |
0.025 |
64 |
16 |
1 |
0.25 |
16 |
16 |
TMML19 |
C. albicans |
64 |
16 |
64 |
16 |
1 |
0.25 |
2 |
0.5 |
TMML20 |
C. albicans |
64 |
16 |
64 |
16 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
1 |
0.5 |
TMML21 |
C. albicans |
64 |
16 |
64 |
16 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
1 |
0.5 |
TMML22 |
C. albicans |
64 |
16 |
64 |
16 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
1 |
0.5 |
TMML23 |
C. albicans |
64 |
16 |
64 |
16 |
2 |
0.125 |
64 |
16 |
TMML24 |
C. albicans |
64 |
16 |
64 |
16 |
0.5 |
1 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
TMML25 |
C. albicans |
1 |
0.5 |
2 |
0.5 |
0.25 |
0.125 |
2 |
0.5 |
TMML26 |
C. albicans |
0.062 |
0.031 |
64 |
16 |
0.25 |
0.125 |
0.25 |
0.125 |
TMML27 |
C. albicans |
1 |
0.25 |
2 |
1 |
0.25 |
0.5 |
1 |
0.5 |
TMML28 |
C. albicans |
64 |
16 |
64 |
16 |
0.25 |
0.062 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
TMML29 |
C. albicans |
64 |
16 |
64 |
16 |
0.5 |
1 |
16 |
4 |
TMML30 |
C. albicans |
64 |
16 |
64 |
16 |
0.25 |
0.062 |
0.25 |
0.5 |
Isolates of C. albicans and C. glabrata which were sensitive for both drugs with PCR-RFLP
TMML no |
Source sample |
MIC (µg/ml) Itr |
MIC (µg/ml) Flu |
Candida spp |
TMML1 |
BAL |
0.016 |
0.125 |
albicans |
TMML2 |
sputum |
0.25 |
2 |
albicans |
TMML3 |
sputum |
0.125 |
1 |
albicans |
TMML4 |
sputum |
0.5 |
1 |
albicans |
TMML5 |
mouth |
0.016 |
1 |
albicans |
TMML6 |
nail |
0.5 |
1 |
albicans |
TMML7 |
nail |
1 |
2 |
albicans |
TMML8 |
BAL |
0.016 |
1 |
albicans |
TMML9 |
nail |
0.062 |
0.5 |
albicans |
TMML10 |
groin |
0.016 |
0.5 |
albicans |
TMML11 |
BAL |
0.016 |
0.5 |
albicans |
TMML12 |
BAL |
0.062 |
0.5 |
albicans |
TMML13 |
sputum |
0.125 |
0.25 |
albicans |
TMML14 |
sputum |
0.125 |
0.25 |
albicans |
TMML15 |
sputum |
0.016 |
0.5 |
albicans |
TMML16 |
sputum |
0.016 |
0.25 |
albicans |
TMML17 |
skin |
0.5 |
2 |
albicans |
TMML18 |
sputum |
0.125 |
0.5 |
albicans |
TMML19 |
groin |
0.016 |
1 |
albicans |
TMML20 |
sputum |
0.031 |
0.5 |
albicans |
TMML21 |
stool |
1 |
8 |
glabrata |
TMML22 |
sputum |
0.5 |
8 |
glabrata |
TMML23 |
sputum |
1 |
16 |
glabrata |
TMML24 |
sputum |
1 |
8 |
glabrata |
TMML25 |
sputum |
0.25 |
8 |
glabrata |
TMML26 |
sputum |
1 |
16 |
glabrata |
TMML27 |
sputum |
0.125 |
16 |
glabrata |
TMML28 |
sputum |
1 |
8 |
glabrata |
TMML29 |
skin |
1 |
8 |
glabrata |
TMML30 |
BAL |
0.062 |
1 |
glabrata |
Dispersion the sources of Candida isolates
Nature of specimen |
C. albicans |
C. glabrata |
Other spices |
Number of Candida spp |
% |
BAL |
8 |
3 |
8 |
19 |
18.02 |
SPUTUM |
13 |
10 |
31 |
54 |
51.42 |
NAIL |
6 |
2 |
4 |
12 |
11.42 |
MOUTH |
2 |
- |
2 |
4 |
3.8 |
GROIN |
3 |
- |
4 |
7 |
6.68 |
SKIN |
1 |
1 |
4 |
6 |
5.81 |
STOOL |
- |
1 |
2 |
3 |
2.85 |
Total |
33 |
17 |
60 |
105 |
|
Expression of CDR1, HWP1, SAP1-3 genes in comparison with β-actin in C. albicans
Gene |
Type |
Reaction Efficiency |
Expression |
Std. Error |
95% C.I. |
P(H1) |
Result |
CDR1 |
TRG |
1.0 |
1.623 |
0.160 - 20.966 |
0.035 - 68.781 |
0.342 |
|
HWP1 |
TRG |
1.0 |
1.300 |
0.069 - 21.856 |
0.009 - 533.742 |
0.702 |
|
SAp3 |
TRG |
1.0 |
2.298 |
0.471 - 20.190 |
0.077 - 48.176 |
0.042 |
UP |
Ssp2 |
TRG |
1.0 |
4.547 |
0.388 - 86.223 |
0.007 - 849.223 |
0.024 |
UP |
Sap1 |
TRG |
1.0 |
2.243 |
0.025 - 763.031 |
0.000 - 12,429.932 |
0.491 |
|
B-act |
REF |
1.0 |
1.000 |
|
|
|
|
Expression of ERG11, EPA1, SAP3 genes in comparison with β-actin in C. glabrata
Gene |
Type |
Reaction Efficiency |
Expression |
Std. Error |
95% C.I. |
P(H1) |
Result |
ERG11 |
TRG |
1.0 |
0.876 |
0.045 - 29.445 |
0.000 - 123.640 |
0.894 |
|
EPA1 |
TRG |
1.0 |
64.669 |
1.893 - 866.949 |
0.438 - 8,060.454 |
0.000 |
UP |
SAP3 |
TRG |
1.0 |
0.745 |
0.009 - 17.387 |
0.000 - 434.218 |
0.784 |
|
B-act |
REF |
1.0 |
1.000 |
|
|
|
|