<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec><h3>Introduction</h3>
<p>Therapeutic methods are very important in the prevalence of opportunistic fungal infections, which are an important cause of human diseases. In this study, air pollution agents that are in direct contact with microorganisms, and the effects of carbon sources using CO<sub>2</sub> and MTBE on growth of fungi, and particularly the evaluation of changes in the expression of interfering genes in susceptibility and drug resistance in these fungi, were investigated.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Materials and Methods</h3>
<p>Collecting samples and isolating <italic>Candida glabrata</italic> and <italic>Candida albicans</italic> with phenotypic methods were accomplished. We then evaluated the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) with the M27A4 protocol of CLSI. We adjusted 20 strains of <italic>C. albican</italic>s and 10 strains of <italic>C. glabrata</italic> whose sensitivity was evaluated in the MIC test with 5% CO<sub>2</sub> and 5mg/ml methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) considered as air pollutants, and followed by re-evaluating MIC testing to separate azole-resistant strains. Interfering agents were also considered.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Results</h3>
<p>Upregulation of some genes on the two mentioned yeasts had led to drug resistance in them; they were previously sensitive to both drugs. Correspondingly, 41% of <italic>C. glabrata</italic> samples in sputum showed sensitivity to these drugs. Upregulation of <italic>ERG11</italic> (71%) and <italic>EPA1</italic> (90%) were observed in resistant strains. Upregulation of genes associated with aspartate proteins and downregulation of <italic>SAP3</italic> genes were recognized in <italic>C. glabrata</italic> in sputum and a 15% downregulation of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) isolate and 50% upregulation of <italic>SAP1</italic> gene in <italic>C. albican</italic>s sensitive samples were observed and compared to fluconazole and itraconazole with the oral and joint sources. Remarkably, decreased <italic>SAP2</italic> expression in oral sources and a 60% increase in resistant strains in <italic>C. albican</italic>s were observed. The downregulation of <italic>SAP3</italic> expression showed in the joint samples. An increase in <italic>HWP1</italic> expression (30%) was noted in isolated and drug-sensitive samples at the sputum and BAL source. <italic>CDR1</italic> expression was increased in MTBE-affected species; however, it decreased in the vicinity of CT.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Conclusions</h3>
<p>Air pollutants such as CO<sub>2</sub> and MTBE eventually caused drug resistance in <italic>Candida</italic>, which can be one of the causes of drug resistance in candidiasis infections.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Introduction
Therapeutic methods are very important in the prevalence of opportunistic fungal infections, which are an important cause of human diseases. In this study, air pollution agents that are in direct contact with microorganisms, and the effects of carbon sources using CO2 and MTBE on growth of fungi, and particularly the evaluation of changes in the expression of interfering genes in susceptibility and drug resistance in these fungi, were investigated.

Materials and Methods
Collecting samples and isolating Candida glabrata and Candida albicans with phenotypic methods were accomplished. We then evaluated the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) with the M27A4 protocol of CLSI. We adjusted 20 strains of C. albicans and 10 strains of C. glabrata whose sensitivity was evaluated in the MIC test with 5% CO2 and 5mg/ml methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) considered as air pollutants, and followed by re-evaluating MIC testing to separate azole-resistant strains. Interfering agents were also considered.

Results
Upregulation of some genes on the two mentioned yeasts had led to drug resistance in them; they were previously sensitive to both drugs. Correspondingly, 41% of C. glabrata samples in sputum showed sensitivity to these drugs. Upregulation of ERG11 (71%) and EPA1 (90%) were observed in resistant strains. Upregulation of genes associated with aspartate proteins and downregulation of SAP3 genes were recognized in C. glabrata in sputum and a 15% downregulation of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) isolate and 50% upregulation of SAP1 gene in C. albicans sensitive samples were observed and compared to fluconazole and itraconazole with the oral and joint sources. Remarkably, decreased SAP2 expression in oral sources and a 60% increase in resistant strains in C. albicans were observed. The downregulation of SAP3 expression showed in the joint samples. An increase in HWP1 expression (30%) was noted in isolated and drug-sensitive samples at the sputum and BAL source. CDR1 expression was increased in MTBE-affected species; however, it decreased in the vicinity of CT.

Conclusions
Air pollutants such as CO2 and MTBE eventually caused drug resistance in Candida, which can be one of the causes of drug resistance in candidiasis infections.

The association of air pollutants (CO<sub>2</sub>, MTBE) on <italic>Candida albicans</italic> and <italic>Candida glabrata</italic> drug resistance

Department of Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences

Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health

Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

The association of air pollutants (CO, MTBE) on  and  drug resistance

Introduction
Therapeutic methods are very important in the prevalence of opportunistic fungal infections, which are an important cause of human diseases. In...

The association of air pollutants (CO₂, MTBE) on Candida albicans and Candida glabrata drug resistance

Article Category: Original Study

Pubblicato online: 29 giu 2022

Pagine: 243 - 253

Ricevuto: 09 dic 2020

Accettato: 19 ago 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ahem-2022-0004

Parole chiave
air pollutant, CO, MTBE, drug resistance, molecular investigation

© 2022 Sahar Ghazanfari et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

The association of air pollutants (CO2, MTBE) on Candida albicans and Candida glabrata drug resistance

Article Category: Original Study

Pubblicato online: 29 giu 2022

Pagine: 243 - 253

Ricevuto: 09 dic 2020

Accettato: 19 ago 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ahem-2022-0004

Parole chiaveair pollutant, CO, MTBE, drug resistance, molecular investigation

© 2022 Sahar Ghazanfari et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

The association of air pollutants (CO₂, MTBE) on Candida albicans and Candida glabrata drug resistance

Parole chiave
air pollutant, CO, MTBE, drug resistance, molecular investigation