Fractured Exhaled Nitric Oxide and Biologic Therapies for Paediatric Asthma

1. Serebrisky D, Wiznia A. Pediatric Asthma: A Global Epidemic. Ann Glob Health. 2019;85(1):6. doi:10.5334/aogh.2416 SerebriskyD WizniaA Pediatric Asthma: A Global Epidemic Ann Glob Health 2019 85 1 6 10.5334/aogh.2416 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

2. Stern J, Pier J, Litonjua AA. Asthma epidemiology and risk factors. Semin Immunopathol. 2020;42(1):5–15. doi:10.1007/s00281-020-00785-1 SternJ PierJ LitonjuaAA Asthma epidemiology and risk factors Semin Immunopathol 2020 42 1 5 15 10.1007/s00281-020-00785-1 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

3. Licari A, Manti S, Castagnoli R, Leonardi S, Marseglia GL. Measuring inflammation in paediatric severe asthma: biomarkers in clinical practice. Breathe. 2020;16(1):190301. doi:10.1183/20734735.0301-2019 LicariA MantiS CastagnoliR LeonardiS MarsegliaGL Measuring inflammation in paediatric severe asthma: biomarkers in clinical practice Breathe 2020 16 1 190301 10.1183/20734735.0301-2019 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

4. Licari A, Castagnoli R, Brambilla I, et al. Asthma Endotyping and Biomarkers in Childhood Asthma. Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol. 2018;31(2):44–55. doi:10.1089/ped.2018.0886 LicariA CastagnoliR BrambillaI Asthma Endotyping and Biomarkers in Childhood Asthma Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol 2018 31 2 44 55 10.1089/ped.2018.0886 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

5. Fleming L, Murray C, Bansal AT, et al. The burden of severe asthma in childhood and adolescence: results from the paediatric U-BIOPRED cohorts. European Respiratory Journal. 2015; 46(5):1322–1333. doi:10.1183/13993003.00780-2015 FlemingL MurrayC BansalAT The burden of severe asthma in childhood and adolescence: results from the paediatric U-BIOPRED cohorts European Respiratory Journal 2015 46 5 1322 1333 10.1183/13993003.00780-2015 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

6. Wu AC, Tantisira K, Li L, Schuemann B, Weiss ST, Fuhlbrigge AL. Predictors of Symptoms Are Different From Predictors of Severe Exacerbations From Asthma in Children. Chest. 2011;140(1): 100–107. doi:10.1378/chest.10-2794 WuAC TantisiraK LiL SchuemannB WeissST FuhlbriggeAL Predictors of Symptoms Are Different From Predictors of Severe Exacerbations From Asthma in Children Chest 2011 140 1 100 107 10.1378/chest.10-2794 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

7. Elenius V, Chawes B, Malmberg PL, et al. Lung function testing and inflammation markers for wheezing preschool children: A systematic review for the EAACI Clinical Practice Recommendations on Diagnostics of Preschool Wheeze. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2021;32(3):501–513. doi:10.1111/pai.13418 EleniusV ChawesB MalmbergPL Lung function testing and inflammation markers for wheezing preschool children: A systematic review for the EAACI Clinical Practice Recommendations on Diagnostics of Preschool Wheeze Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2021 32 3 501 513 10.1111/pai.13418 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

8. Moeller A, Carlsen KH, Sly PD, et al. Monitoring asthma in childhood: lung function, bronchial responsiveness and inflammation. European Respiratory Review. 2015;24(136):204–215. doi: 10.1183/16000617.00003914 MoellerA CarlsenKH SlyPD Monitoring asthma in childhood: lung function, bronchial responsiveness and inflammation European Respiratory Review 2015 24 136 204 215 10.1183/16000617.00003914 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

9. Diamant Z, Vijverberg S, Alving K, et al. Toward clinically applicable biomarkers for asthma: An EAACI position paper. Allergy. 2019;74(10):1835–1851. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13806 DiamantZ VijverbergS AlvingK Toward clinically applicable biomarkers for asthma: An EAACI position paper Allergy 2019 74 10 1835 1851 doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13806 Search in Google Scholar

10. Kunc P, Fabry J, Lucanska M, Pecova R. Biomarkers of Bronchial Asthma. Physiol Res. 2020;69(Suppl 1):S29–S34. doi:10.33549/physiolres.934398 KuncP FabryJ LucanskaM PecovaR Biomarkers of Bronchial Asthma Physiol Res 2020 69 Suppl 1 S29 S34 10.33549/physiolres.934398 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

11. Ogulur I, Pat Y, Ardicli O, et al. Advances and highlights in biomarkers of allergic diseases. Allergy. 2021;76(12):3659–3686. doi:10.1111/all.15089 OgulurI PatY ArdicliO Advances and highlights in biomarkers of allergic diseases Allergy 2021 76 12 3659 3686 10.1111/all.15089 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

12. Just J, Deschildre A, Lejeune S, Amat F. New perspectives of childhood asthma treatment with biologics. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2019;30(2):159–171. doi:10.1111/pai.13007 JustJ DeschildreA LejeuneS AmatF New perspectives of childhood asthma treatment with biologics Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2019 30 2 159 171 10.1111/pai.13007 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

13. Cazzola M, Ora J, Cavalli F, Rogliani P, Matera MG. Treatable Mechanisms in Asthma. Mol Diagn Ther. 2021;25(2):111–121. doi:10.1007/s40291-021-00514-w CazzolaM OraJ CavalliF RoglianiP MateraMG Treatable Mechanisms in Asthma Mol Diagn Ther 2021 25 2 111 121 10.1007/s40291-021-00514-w Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

14. Aron JL, Akbari O. Regulatory T cells and type 2 innate lymphoid cell-dependent asthma. Allergy. 2017;72(8):1148–1155. doi:10.1111/all.13139 AronJL AkbariO Regulatory T cells and type 2 innate lymphoid cell-dependent asthma Allergy 2017 72 8 1148 1155 10.1111/all.13139 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

15. Davis JD, Wypych TP. Cellular and functional heterogeneity of the airway epithelium. Mucosal Immunol. 2021;14(5):978–990. doi:10.1038/s41385-020-00370-7 DavisJD WypychTP Cellular and functional heterogeneity of the airway epithelium Mucosal Immunol 2021 14 5 978 990 10.1038/s41385-020-00370-7 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

16. Pavord ID, Beasley R, Agusti A, et al. After asthma: redefining airways diseases. Lancet. 2018; 391(10118):350–400. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30879-6 PavordID BeasleyR AgustiA After asthma: redefining airways diseases Lancet 2018 391 10118 350 400 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30879-6 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

17. Chan R, Stewart K, Misirovs R, Lipworth BJ. Targeting Downstream Type 2 Cytokines or Upstream Epithelial Alarmins for Severe Asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022;10(6):1497–1505. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.01.040 ChanR StewartK MisirovsR LipworthBJ Targeting Downstream Type 2 Cytokines or Upstream Epithelial Alarmins for Severe Asthma J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2022 10 6 1497 1505 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.01.040 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

18. Duchesne M, Okoye I, Lacy P. Epithelial cell alarmin cytokines: Frontline mediators of the asthma inflammatory response. Front Immunol. 2022;13:975914. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.975914 DuchesneM OkoyeI LacyP Epithelial cell alarmin cytokines: Frontline mediators of the asthma inflammatory response Front Immunol 2022 13 975914 10.3389/fimmu.2022.975914 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

19. Mesnil C, Raulier S, Paulissen G, et al. Lung-resident eosinophils represent a distinct regulatory eosinophil subset. J Clin Invest. 2016;126(9):3279–3295. doi:10.1172/JCI85664 MesnilC RaulierS PaulissenG Lung-resident eosinophils represent a distinct regulatory eosinophil subset J Clin Invest 2016 126 9 3279 3295 10.1172/JCI85664 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

20. Jesenak M, Schwarze J. Lung eosinophils-A novel “virus sink” that is defective in asthma? Allergy. 2019;74(10):1832–1834. doi:10.1111/all.13811 JesenakM SchwarzeJ Lung eosinophils-A novel “virus sink” that is defective in asthma? Allergy 2019 74 10 1832 1834 10.1111/all.13811 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

21. Abdala-Valencia H, Coden ME, Chiarella SE, et al. Shaping eosinophil identity in the tissue contexts of development, homeostasis, and disease. J Leukoc Biol. 2018;104(1):95–108. doi:10.1002/JLB.1MR1117-442RR Abdala-ValenciaH CodenME ChiarellaSE Shaping eosinophil identity in the tissue contexts of development, homeostasis, and disease J Leukoc Biol 2018 104 1 95 108 10.1002/JLB.1MR1117-442RR Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

22. An J, Lee JH, Sim JH, et al. Serum Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin Better Reflect Asthma Control Status Than Blood Eosinophil Counts. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(8):2681–2688.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2020.03.035 AnJ LeeJH SimJH Serum Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin Better Reflect Asthma Control Status Than Blood Eosinophil Counts J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2020 8 8 2681 2688.e1 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.03.035 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

23. Hoekstra MO, Grol MH, Hovenga H, et al. Eosinophil and mast cell parameters in children with stable moderate asthma. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 1998;9(3):143–149. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3038.1998.tb00361.x HoekstraMO GrolMH HovengaH Eosinophil and mast cell parameters in children with stable moderate asthma Pediatr Allergy Immunol 1998 9 3 143 149 10.1111/j.1399-3038.1998.tb00361.x Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

24. Farne HA, Wilson A, Powell C, Bax L, Milan SJ. Anti-IL5 therapies for asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;9:CD010834. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010834.pub3 FarneHA WilsonA PowellC BaxL MilanSJ Anti-IL5 therapies for asthma Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017 9 CD010834 10.1002/14651858.CD010834.pub3 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

25. Özyiğit LP, Öztürk AB, Bavbek S. Anti-IL-5 Biologicals Targeting Severe Late Onset Eosinophilic Asthma. Turk Thorac J. 2020;21(1):61–68. doi:10.5152/TurkThoracJ.2019.180204 ÖzyiğitLP ÖztürkAB BavbekS Anti-IL-5 Biologicals Targeting Severe Late Onset Eosinophilic Asthma Turk Thorac J 2020 21 1 61 68 10.5152/TurkThoracJ.2019.180204 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

26. Agache I, Strasser DS, Klenk A, et al. Serum IL-5 and IL-13 consistently serve as the best predictors for the blood eosinophilia phenotype in adult asthmatics. Allergy. 2016;71(8):1192–1202. doi:10.1111/all.12906 AgacheI StrasserDS KlenkA Serum IL-5 and IL-13 consistently serve as the best predictors for the blood eosinophilia phenotype in adult asthmatics Allergy 2016 71 8 1192 1202 10.1111/all.12906 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

27. Williams TJ. Eotaxin-1 (CCL11). Front Immunol. 2015;6:84. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00084 WilliamsTJ Eotaxin-1 (CCL11) Front Immunol 2015 6 84 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00084 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

28. Olaguibel JM, Sastre J, Rodríguez JM, Del Pozo V. Eosinophilia Induced by Blocking the IL-4/IL-13 Pathway: Potential Mechanisms and Clinical Outcomes. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2022; 32(3):165–180. doi:10.18176/jiaci.0823 OlaguibelJM SastreJ RodríguezJM Del PozoV Eosinophilia Induced by Blocking the IL-4/IL-13 Pathway: Potential Mechanisms and Clinical Outcomes J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2022 32 3 165 180 10.18176/jiaci.0823 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

29. Yancey SW, Keene ON, Albers FC, et al. Biomarkers for severe eosinophilic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140(6):1509–1518. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2017.10.005 YanceySW KeeneON AlbersFC Biomarkers for severe eosinophilic asthma J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017 140 6 1509 1518 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.10.005 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

30. Jesenak M, Zelieskova M, Babusikova E. Oxidative Stress and Bronchial Asthma in Children-Causes or Consequences? Front Pediatr. 2017;5:162. doi:10.3389/fped.2017.00162 JesenakM ZelieskovaM BabusikovaE Oxidative Stress and Bronchial Asthma in Children-Causes or Consequences? Front Pediatr 2017 5 162 10.3389/fped.2017.00162 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

31. Payne DN, Adcock IM, Wilson NM, Oates T, Scallan M, Bush A. Relationship between exhaled nitric oxide and mucosal eosinophilic inflammation in children with difficult asthma, after treatment with oral prednisolone. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164(8 Pt 1):1376–1381. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.164.8.2101145 PayneDN AdcockIM WilsonNM OatesT ScallanM BushA Relationship between exhaled nitric oxide and mucosal eosinophilic inflammation in children with difficult asthma, after treatment with oral prednisolone Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001 164 8 Pt 1 1376 1381 10.1164/ajrccm.164.8.2101145 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

32. Fleming L, Tsartsali L, Wilson N, Regamey N, Bush A. Longitudinal Relationship between Sputum Eosinophils and Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Children with Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013; 188(3):400–402. doi:10.1164/rccm.201212-2156LE FlemingL TsartsaliL WilsonN RegameyN BushA Longitudinal Relationship between Sputum Eosinophils and Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Children with Asthma Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013 188 3 400 402 10.1164/rccm.201212-2156LE Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

33. Rao DR, Phipatanakul W. An Overview of Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide and Children with Asthma. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2016;12(5):521–530. doi:10.1586/1744666X.2016.1141049 RaoDR PhipatanakulW An Overview of Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide and Children with Asthma Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016 12 5 521 530 10.1586/1744666X.2016.1141049 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

34. Lugogo N, Green CL, Agada N, et al. Obesity's effect on asthma extends to diagnostic criteria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141(3):1096–1104. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2017.04.047 LugogoN GreenCL AgadaN Obesity's effect on asthma extends to diagnostic criteria J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018 141 3 1096 1104 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.04.047 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

35. Anderson WJ, Short PM, Williamson PA, Lipworth BJ. Inhaled corticosteroid dose response using domiciliary exhaled nitric oxide in persistent asthma: the FENOtype trial. Chest. 2012;142(6):1553–1561. doi:10.1378/chest.12-1310 AndersonWJ ShortPM WilliamsonPA LipworthBJ Inhaled corticosteroid dose response using domiciliary exhaled nitric oxide in persistent asthma: the FENOtype trial Chest 2012 142 6 1553 1561 10.1378/chest.12-1310 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

36. Czubaj-Kowal M, Nowicki GJ, Kurzawa R, Polak M, Ślusarska B. Factors Influencing the Concentration of Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) in School Children Aged 8-9-Years-Old in Krakow, with High FeNO Values ≥ 20 ppb. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022;58(2):146. doi:10.3390/medicina58020146 Czubaj-KowalM NowickiGJ KurzawaR PolakM ŚlusarskaB Factors Influencing the Concentration of Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) in School Children Aged 8-9-Years-Old in Krakow, with High FeNO Values ≥ 20 ppb Medicina (Kaunas) 2022 58 2 146 10.3390/medicina58020146 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

37. Barański K, Kocot K, Melaniuk-Wolny E, Zajusz-Zubek E, Kowalska M. The Effect of Physical Activity on Spirometry and Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Adolescents—Longitudinal Study. Sustainability. 2021;13(11):5770. doi:10.3390/su13115770 BarańskiK KocotK Melaniuk-WolnyE Zajusz-ZubekE KowalskaM The Effect of Physical Activity on Spirometry and Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Adolescents—Longitudinal Study Sustainability 2021 13 11 5770 10.3390/su13115770 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

38. Zhu Z, Xia S, Chen X, Guan WJ, Guo ZJ, Sun BQ. Factors associated with exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma and allergic rhinitis. Clin Respir J. 2020;14(1):9–15. doi:10.1111/crj.13093 ZhuZ XiaS ChenX GuanWJ GuoZJ SunBQ Factors associated with exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma and allergic rhinitis Clin Respir J 2020 14 1 9 15 10.1111/crj.13093 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

39. Jacinto T, Malinovschi A, Janson C, Fonseca J, Alving K. Evolution of exhaled nitric oxide levels throughout development and aging of healthy humans. J Breath Res. 2015;9(3):036005. doi: 10.1088/1752-7155/9/3/036005 JacintoT MalinovschiA JansonC FonsecaJ AlvingK Evolution of exhaled nitric oxide levels throughout development and aging of healthy humans J Breath Res 2015 9 3 036005 10.1088/1752-7155/9/3/036005 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

40. Wang D, Wang Y, Liang H, David JE, Bray CL. Race and ethnicity have significant influence on fractional exhaled nitric oxide. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2018;120(3):272–277.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2017.11.021 WangD WangY LiangH DavidJE BrayCL Race and ethnicity have significant influence on fractional exhaled nitric oxide Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018 120 3 272 277.e1 10.1016/j.anai.2017.11.021 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

41. Song WJ, Kim HJ, Shim JS, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of fractional exhaled nitric oxide measurement in predicting cough-variant asthma and eosinophilic bronchitis in adults with chronic cough: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140(3):701–709. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.11.037 SongWJ KimHJ ShimJS Diagnostic accuracy of fractional exhaled nitric oxide measurement in predicting cough-variant asthma and eosinophilic bronchitis in adults with chronic cough: A systematic review and meta-analysis J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017 140 3 701 709 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.11.037 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

42. Kunc P, Fabry J, Zatko T, Grendar M, Tatar M, Pecova R. Cough reflex sensitivity and fractional exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma. Physiol Res. 2020;69(Suppl 3):S455–S461. doi: 10.33549/physiolres.934601 KuncP FabryJ ZatkoT GrendarM TatarM PecovaR Cough reflex sensitivity and fractional exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma Physiol Res 2020 69 Suppl 3 S455 S461 10.33549/physiolres.934601 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

43. Elenius V, Chawes B, Malmberg PL, et al. Lung function testing and inflammation markers for wheezing preschool children: A systematic review for the EAACI Clinical Practice Recommendations on Diagnostics of Preschool Wheeze. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2021;32(3):501–513. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.13418 EleniusV ChawesB MalmbergPL Lung function testing and inflammation markers for wheezing preschool children: A systematic review for the EAACI Clinical Practice Recommendations on Diagnostics of Preschool Wheeze Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 2021 32 3 501 513 doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.13418 Search in Google Scholar

44. Loewenthal L, Menzies-Gow A. FeNO in Asthma. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2022;43(5):635–645. doi:10.1055/s-0042-1743290 LoewenthalL Menzies-GowA FeNO in Asthma Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2022 43 5 635 645 10.1055/s-0042-1743290 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

45. Casale TB, Luskin AT, Busse W, et al. Omalizumab Effectiveness by Biomarker Status in Patients with Asthma: Evidence From PROSPERO, A Prospective Real-World Study. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019;7(1):156–164.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2018.04.043 CasaleTB LuskinAT BusseW Omalizumab Effectiveness by Biomarker Status in Patients with Asthma: Evidence From PROSPERO, A Prospective Real-World Study J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2019 7 1 156 164.e1 10.1016/j.jaip.2018.04.043 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

46. Jesenak M, Vanecek V, Ondrusova M, Urdova V, Dostalova K, Hochmuth L. Real-world outcomes of mepolizumab treatment in severe eosinophilic asthma patients - retrospective cohort study in Slovakia. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. Published online July 10, 2023. doi:10.5507/bp.2023.029 JesenakM VanecekV OndrusovaM UrdovaV DostalovaK HochmuthL Real-world outcomes of mepolizumab treatment in severe eosinophilic asthma patients - retrospective cohort study in Slovakia Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub Published online July 10, 2023. 10.5507/bp.2023.029 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

47. Jackson D, Shackshaft L, Green L, et al. The relationship between fractional exhaled nitric oxide and asthma symptom scores in patients on mepolizumab. European Respiratory Journal. 2019;54(suppl 63). doi:10.1183/13993003.congress-2019.PA2623 JacksonD ShackshaftL GreenL The relationship between fractional exhaled nitric oxide and asthma symptom scores in patients on mepolizumab European Respiratory Journal 2019 54 suppl 63 10.1183/13993003.congress-2019.PA2623 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

48. Shrimanker R, Keene O, Hynes G, Wenzel S, Yancey S, Pavord ID. Prognostic and Predictive Value of Blood Eosinophil Count, Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide, and Their Combination in Severe Asthma: A Post Hoc Analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;200(10):1308–1312. doi:10.1164/rccm.201903-0599LE ShrimankerR KeeneO HynesG WenzelS YanceyS PavordID Prognostic and Predictive Value of Blood Eosinophil Count, Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide, and Their Combination in Severe Asthma: A Post Hoc Analysis Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019 200 10 1308 1312 10.1164/rccm.201903-0599LE Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

49. Ricciardolo FLM, Bertolini F, Carriero V. The Role of Dupilumab in Severe Asthma. Biomedicines. 2021;9(9):1096. doi:10.3390/biomedicines9091096 RicciardoloFLM BertoliniF CarrieroV The Role of Dupilumab in Severe Asthma Biomedicines 2021 9 9 1096 10.3390/biomedicines9091096 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

50. Murugesan N, Saxena D, Dileep A, Adrish M, Hanania NA. Update on the Role of FeNO in Asthma Management. Diagnostics. 2023;13(8):1428. doi:10.3390/diagnostics13081428 MurugesanN SaxenaD DileepA AdrishM HananiaNA Update on the Role of FeNO in Asthma Management Diagnostics 2023 13 8 1428 10.3390/diagnostics13081428 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

51. Busse WW, Wenzel SE, Casale TB, et al. Baseline FeNO as a prognostic biomarker for subsequent severe asthma exacerbations in patients with uncontrolled, moderate-to-severe asthma receiving placebo in the LIBERTY ASTHMA QUEST study: a post-hoc analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2021; 9(10):1165–1173. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00124-7 BusseWW WenzelSE CasaleTB Baseline FeNO as a prognostic biomarker for subsequent severe asthma exacerbations in patients with uncontrolled, moderate-to-severe asthma receiving placebo in the LIBERTY ASTHMA QUEST study: a post-hoc analysis Lancet Respir Med 2021 9 10 1165 1173 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00124-7 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

52. Castro M, Corren J, Pavord ID, et al. Dupilumab Efficacy and Safety in Moderate-to-Severe Uncontrolled Asthma. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(26):2486–2496. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1804092 CastroM CorrenJ PavordID Dupilumab Efficacy and Safety in Moderate-to-Severe Uncontrolled Asthma N Engl J Med 2018 378 26 2486 2496 10.1056/NEJMoa1804092 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

53. Menzies-Gow A, Corren J, Bourdin A, et al. Tezepelumab in Adults and Adolescents with Severe, Uncontrolled Asthma. New England Journal of Medicine. 2021;384(19):1800–1809. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2034975 Menzies-GowA CorrenJ BourdinA Tezepelumab in Adults and Adolescents with Severe, Uncontrolled Asthma New England Journal of Medicine 2021 384 19 1800 1809 10.1056/NEJMoa2034975 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

54. Agache I, Beltran J, Akdis C, et al. Efficacy and safety of treatment with biologicals (benralizumab, dupilumab, mepolizumab, omalizumab and reslizumab) for severe eosinophilic asthma. A systematic review for the EAACI Guidelines - recommendations on the use of biologicals in severe asthma. Allergy. 2020;75(5):1023–1042. doi:10.1111/all.14221 AgacheI BeltranJ AkdisC Efficacy and safety of treatment with biologicals (benralizumab, dupilumab, mepolizumab, omalizumab and reslizumab) for severe eosinophilic asthma. A systematic review for the EAACI Guidelines - recommendations on the use of biologicals in severe asthma Allergy 2020 75 5 1023 1042 10.1111/all.14221 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

55. Chiu CJ, Huang MT. Asthma in the Precision Medicine Era: Biologics and Probiotics. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(9):4528. doi:10.3390/ijms22094528 ChiuCJ HuangMT Asthma in the Precision Medicine Era: Biologics and Probiotics Int J Mol Sci 2021 22 9 4528 10.3390/ijms22094528 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar