Fractured Exhaled Nitric Oxide and Biologic Therapies for Paediatric Asthma
Pubblicato online: 20 ago 2023
Pagine: 74 - 83
Ricevuto: 28 giu 2023
Accettato: 12 lug 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/acm-2023-0011
Parole chiave
© 2023 Peter Kunc et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
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Review article highlights
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FENO as asthma biomarker reflects the level of T2 eosinophil inflammation in the bronchial tree. FENO is a non-invasive, easy-to-implement, repetitive measurable, and cost-effective biomarker. FENO can be measured by exhalation into an analyser in young children aged 5 years. Nitric oxide production in asthma inflamed airways is associated with the IL-13 signalling pathway. FENO levels depend on various determinants and should be interpreted in the context of the patient's history and clinical symptoms. FENO is helpful to recognise responders on corticosteroids and to follow the response and adherence to treatment. FENO can be useful biomarker to predict therapeutic response and efficacy in reducing the risk of future asthma exacerbations in candidates for biologic therapy with Omalizumab, Mepolizumab, Dupilumab and Tezepelumab. |
Various factors affecting FENO levels
| Allergic rhinitis | Early allergic reactions |
| Atopic dermatitis | Bronchoconstriction |
| White race | Corticosteroids (oral and/or inhaled) |
| Intake of a nitrate-rich diet | Passive and active smoking |
| Acute infection | Obesity |
| Morning (diurnal variation) | Reduced age in children |
| Male sex | |
| Caffeine | |
| Alcohol |