This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Chou CH, Hwang CL, Wu YT. Effect of exercise on physical function, daily living activities, and quality of life in the frail older adults: a meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012; 93:237–44.ChouCHHwangCLWuYTEffect of exercise on physical function, daily living activities, and quality of life in the frail older adults: a meta-analysisArch Phys Med Rehabil2012932374410.1016/j.apmr.2011.08.042Search in Google Scholar
Wulf G, Shea C, Lewthwaite R. Motor skill learning and performance: a review of influential factors. Med Educ. 2010; 44:75–84.WulfGSheaCLewthwaiteRMotor skill learning and performance: a review of influential factorsMed Educ201044758410.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03421.xSearch in Google Scholar
Winter DA, Patla AE, Ishac M, Gage WH. Motor mechanisms of balance during quiet standing. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2003; 13:49–56.WinterDAPatlaAEIshacMGageWHMotor mechanisms of balance during quiet standingJ Electromyogr Kinesiol200313495610.1016/S1050-6411(02)00085-8Search in Google Scholar
de Kam D, Roelofs JMB, Bruijnes AKBD, Geurts ACH, Weerdesteyn V. The next step in understanding impaired reactive balance control in people with stroke: the role of defective early automatic postural responses. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2017; 31:708–16.de KamDRoelofsJMBBruijnesAKBDGeurtsACHWeerdesteynVThe next step in understanding impaired reactive balance control in people with stroke: the role of defective early automatic postural responsesNeurorehabil Neural Repair2017317081610.1177/1545968317718267571415928691582Search in Google Scholar
Alves J, Santos A. Virtual reality therapy for balance training in aging and neurological disorders. J Adv Neurosci Res. 2016; 3:1–8.AlvesJSantosAVirtual reality therapy for balance training in aging and neurological disordersJ Adv Neurosci Res201631810.15379/2409-3564.2016.03.01.01Search in Google Scholar
Hardin EC, Kobetic R, Triolo RJ. Ambulation and spinal cord injury. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2013; 24:355–70.HardinECKobeticRTrioloRJAmbulation and spinal cord injuryPhys Med Rehabil Clin N Am2013243557010.1016/j.pmr.2012.11.00223598268Search in Google Scholar
Jannings W, Pryor J. The experiences and needs of persons with spinal cord injury who can walk. Disabil Rehabil. 2012; 34:1820–6.JanningsWPryorJThe experiences and needs of persons with spinal cord injury who can walkDisabil Rehabil2012341820610.3109/09638288.2012.66512622423597Search in Google Scholar
Nas K, Yazmalar L, Şah V, Aydın A, Öneş K. Rehabilitation of spinal cord injuries. World J Orthop. 2015; 6:8–16.NasKYazmalarLŞahVAydınAÖneşKRehabilitation of spinal cord injuriesWorld J Orthop2015681610.5312/wjo.v6.i1.8430379325621206Search in Google Scholar
Harkema SJ, Schmidt-Read M, Lorenz DJ, Edgerton VR, Behrman AL. Balance and ambulation improvements in individuals with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury using locomotor training–based rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012; 93:1508–17.HarkemaSJSchmidt-ReadMLorenzDJEdgertonVRBehrmanALBalance and ambulation improvements in individuals with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury using locomotor training–based rehabilitationArch Phys Med Rehabil20129315081710.1016/j.apmr.2011.01.02421777905Search in Google Scholar
Emerich L, Parsons KC, Stein A. Competent care for persons with spinal cord injury and dysfunction in acute inpatient rehabilitation. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2012; 18:149–66.EmerichLParsonsKCSteinACompetent care for persons with spinal cord injury and dysfunction in acute inpatient rehabilitationTop Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil2012181496610.1310/sci1802-149358476423460762Search in Google Scholar
van Hedel HJA, Dietz V. Rehabilitation of locomotion after spinal cord injury. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2010; 28:123–34.van HedelHJADietzVRehabilitation of locomotion after spinal cord injuryRestor Neurol Neurosci2010281233410.3233/RNN-2010-050820086289Search in Google Scholar
Mancini M, Horak FB. The relevance of clinical balance assessment tools to differentiate balance deficits. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2010; 46:239–48.ManciniMHorakFBThe relevance of clinical balance assessment tools to differentiate balance deficitsEur J Phys Rehabil Med20104623948Search in Google Scholar
Arora T, Oates A, Lynd K, Musselman KE. Current state of balance assessment during transferring, sitting, standing and walking activities for the spinal cord injured population: a systematic review. J Spinal Cord Med. 2020; 43:10–23.AroraTOatesALyndKMusselmanKECurrent state of balance assessment during transferring, sitting, standing and walking activities for the spinal cord injured population: a systematic reviewJ Spinal Cord Med202043102310.1080/10790268.2018.1481692700670729869951Search in Google Scholar
Chaudhry H, Bukiet B, Ji Z, Findley T. Measurement of balance in computer posturography: comparison of methods—a brief review. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2011; 15:82–91.ChaudhryHBukietBJiZFindleyTMeasurement of balance in computer posturography: comparison of methods—a brief reviewJ Bodyw Mov Ther201115829110.1016/j.jbmt.2008.03.00321147423Search in Google Scholar
Clark RA, Bryant AL, Pua Y, McCrory P, Bennell K, Hunt M. Validity and reliability of the Nintendo Wii Balance Board for assessment of standing balance. Gait Posture. 2010; 31:307–10.ClarkRABryantALPuaYMcCroryPBennellKHuntMValidity and reliability of the Nintendo Wii Balance Board for assessment of standing balanceGait Posture2010313071010.1016/j.gaitpost.2009.11.01220005112Search in Google Scholar
Alexander MS, Anderson KD, Biering-Sorensen F, Blight AR, Brannon R, Bryce TN, et al. Outcome measures in spinal cord injury: recent assessments and recommendations for future directions. Spinal Cord. 2009; 47:582–91.AlexanderMSAndersonKDBiering-SorensenFBlightARBrannonRBryceTNOutcome measures in spinal cord injury: recent assessments and recommendations for future directionsSpinal Cord2009475829110.1038/sc.2009.18272268719381157Search in Google Scholar
Lam T, Noonan VK, Eng JJ; SCIRE Research Team. A systematic review of functional ambulation outcome measures in spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2008; 46:246–54.LamTNoonanVKEngJJSCIRE Research TeamA systematic review of functional ambulation outcome measures in spinal cord injurySpinal Cord2008462465410.1038/sj.sc.3102134309563117923844Search in Google Scholar
Salameh JP, Bossuyt PM, McGrath TA, Thombs BD, Hyde CJ, Macaskill P, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies (PRISMA-DTA): explanation, elaboration, and checklist. BMJ. 2020; 370:m2632. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m2632SalamehJPBossuytPMMcGrathTAThombsBDHydeCJMacaskillPPreferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies (PRISMA-DTA): explanation, elaboration, and checklistBMJ2020370m263210.1136/bmj.m263232816740Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Mokkink LB, de Vet HCW, Prinsen CAC, Patrick DL, Alonso J, Bouter LM, Terwee CB. COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist for systematic reviews of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures. Qual Life Res. 2018; 27:1171–9.MokkinkLBde VetHCWPrinsenCACPatrickDLAlonsoJBouterLMTerweeCBCOSMIN Risk of Bias checklist for systematic reviews of Patient-Reported Outcome MeasuresQual Life Res2018271171910.1007/s11136-017-1765-4589155229260445Search in Google Scholar
Prinsen CAC, Mokkink LB, Bouter LM, Alonso J, Patrick DL, de Vet HCW, Terwee CB. COSMIN guideline for systematic reviews of patient-reported outcome measures. Qual Life Res. 2018; 27:1147–57.PrinsenCACMokkinkLBBouterLMAlonsoJPatrickDLde VetHCWTerweeCBCOSMIN guideline for systematic reviews of patient-reported outcome measuresQual Life Res20182711475710.1007/s11136-018-1798-3589156829435801Search in Google Scholar
Adegoke BOA, Ogwumike OO, Olatemiju A. Dynamic balance and level of lesion in spinal cord injured patients. Afr J Med Med Sci. 2002; 31:357–60.AdegokeBOAOgwumikeOOOlatemijuADynamic balance and level of lesion in spinal cord injured patientsAfr J Med Med Sci20023135760Search in Google Scholar
Boswell-Ruys CL, Sturnieks DL, Harvey LA, Sherrington C, Middleton JW, Lord SR. Validity and reliability of assessment tools for measuring unsupported sitting in people with a spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009; 90:1571–77.Boswell-RuysCLSturnieksDLHarveyLASherringtonCMiddletonJWLordSRValidity and reliability of assessment tools for measuring unsupported sitting in people with a spinal cord injuryArch Phys Med Rehabil20099015717710.1016/j.apmr.2009.02.01619735786Search in Google Scholar
Field-Fote EC, Ray SS. Seated reach distance and trunk excursion accurately reflect dynamic postural control in individuals with motor-incomplete spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2010; 48:745–49.Field-FoteECRaySSSeated reach distance and trunk excursion accurately reflect dynamic postural control in individuals with motor-incomplete spinal cord injurySpinal Cord2010487454910.1038/sc.2010.11289427920157313Search in Google Scholar
Lynch SM, Leahy P, Barker SP. Reliability of measurements obtained with a modified functional reach test in subjects with spinal cord injury. Phys Ther. 1998; 78:128–33.LynchSMLeahyPBarkerSPReliability of measurements obtained with a modified functional reach test in subjects with spinal cord injuryPhys Ther1998781283310.1093/ptj/78.2.1289474105Search in Google Scholar
Sprigle S, Maurer C, Holowka M. Development of valid and reliable measures of postural stability. J Spinal Cord Med. 2007; 30:40–49.SprigleSMaurerCHolowkaMDevelopment of valid and reliable measures of postural stabilityJ Spinal Cord Med200730404910.1080/10790268.2007.11753913203200617385269Search in Google Scholar
Sprigle S, Wootten M, Sawacha Z, Thielman G. Relationships among cushion type, backrest height, seated posture, and reach of wheelchair users with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2003; 26:236–43.SprigleSWoottenMSawachaZThielmanGRelationships among cushion type, backrest height, seated posture, and reach of wheelchair users with spinal cord injuryJ Spinal Cord Med2003262364310.1080/10790268.2003.1175369014997965Search in Google Scholar
Srisim K, Saengsuwan J, Amatachaya S. Functional assessments for predicting a risk of multiple falls in independent ambulatory patients with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2015; 38:439–45.SrisimKSaengsuwanJAmatachayaSFunctional assessments for predicting a risk of multiple falls in independent ambulatory patients with spinal cord injuryJ Spinal Cord Med2015384394510.1179/2045772313Y.0000000186461219924621036Search in Google Scholar
Wirz M, Muller R, Bastiaenen C. Falls in persons with spinal cord injury: validity and reliability of the Berg Balance Scale. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2010; 24:70–7.WirzMMullerRBastiaenenCFalls in persons with spinal cord injury: validity and reliability of the Berg Balance ScaleNeurorehabil Neural Repair20102470710.1177/154596830934105919675123Search in Google Scholar
Tamburella F, Scivoletto G, Iosa M, Molinari M. Reliability, validity, and effectiveness of center of pressure parameters in assessing stabilometric platform in subjects with incomplete spinal cord injury: A serial cross-sectional study. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2014; 11:86–98.TamburellaFScivolettoGIosaMMolinariMReliability, validity, and effectiveness of center of pressure parameters in assessing stabilometric platform in subjects with incomplete spinal cord injury: A serial cross-sectional studyJ Neuroeng Rehabil201411869810.1186/1743-0003-11-86403115424886312Search in Google Scholar
Jørgensen V, Opheim A, Halvarsson A, Franzén E, Roaldsen KS. Comparison of the Berg Balance Scale and the Mini-BESTest for assessing balance in ambulatory people with spinal cord injury: validation study. Phys Ther. 2017; 97:677–87.JørgensenVOpheimAHalvarssonAFranzénERoaldsenKSComparison of the Berg Balance Scale and the Mini-BESTest for assessing balance in ambulatory people with spinal cord injury: validation studyPhys Ther2017976778710.1093/ptj/pzx03028371940Search in Google Scholar
Lemay JF, Nadeau S. Standing balance assessment in ASIA D paraplegic and tetraplegic participants: concurrent validity of the Berg Balance Scale. Spinal Cord. 2010; 48: 245–50.LemayJFNadeauSStanding balance assessment in ASIA D paraplegic and tetraplegic participants: concurrent validity of the Berg Balance ScaleSpinal Cord2010482455010.1038/sc.2009.11919773797Search in Google Scholar
Chan K, Unger J, Lee JW, Johnston G, Constand M, Masani K, Musselman KE. Quantifying balance control after spinal cord injury: reliability and validity of the mini-BESTest. J Spinal Cord Med. 2019; 42(suppl 1):141–8.ChanKUngerJLeeJWJohnstonGConstandMMasaniKMusselmanKEQuantifying balance control after spinal cord injury: reliability and validity of the mini-BESTestJ Spinal Cord Med.201942suppl 1141810.1080/10790268.2019.1647930678122431573459Search in Google Scholar
Roy A, Higgins J, Nadeau S. Reliability and minimal detectable change of the mini-BESTest in adults with spinal cord injury in a rehabilitation setting. Physiother Theory Pract. 2021: 37:126–34.RoyAHigginsJNadeauSReliability and minimal detectable change of the mini-BESTest in adults with spinal cord injury in a rehabilitation settingPhysiother Theory Pract.2021371263410.1080/09593985.2019.162216131156010Search in Google Scholar
Abou L, Sung JH, Sosnoff JJ, Rice LA. Reliability and validity of the function in sitting test among non-ambulatory individuals with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2020; 43:846–53.AbouLSungJHSosnoffJJRiceLAReliability and validity of the function in sitting test among non-ambulatory individuals with spinal cord injuryJ Spinal Cord Med2020438465310.1080/10790268.2019.1605749780109330998421Search in Google Scholar
Jørgensen V, Elfving B, Opheim A. Assessment of unsupported sitting in patients with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2011; 49:838–43.JørgensenVElfvingBOpheimAAssessment of unsupported sitting in patients with spinal cord injurySpinal Cord2011498384310.1038/sc.2011.921358720Search in Google Scholar
Wadhwa G, Aikat R. Development, validity and reliability of the ‘Sitting Balance Measure’ (SBM) in spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2016; 54:319–23.WadhwaGAikatRDevelopment, validity and reliability of the ‘Sitting Balance Measure’ (SBM) in spinal cord injurySpinal Cord2016543192310.1038/sc.2015.14826458968Search in Google Scholar
Anderson KD. Targeting recovery: priorities of the spinal cord-injured population. J Neurotrauma. 2004; 21:1371–1383.AndersonKDTargeting recovery: priorities of the spinal cord-injured populationJ Neurotrauma2004211371138310.1089/neu.2004.21.137115672628Search in Google Scholar
Amatachaya S, Wannapakhe J, Arrayawichanon P, Siritarathiwat W, Wattanapun P. Functional abilities, incidences of complications and falls of patients with spinal cord injury 6 months after discharge. Spinal Cord. 2011; 49:520–4.AmatachayaSWannapakheJArrayawichanonPSiritarathiwatWWattanapunPFunctional abilities, incidences of complications and falls of patients with spinal cord injury 6 months after dischargeSpinal Cord201149520410.1038/sc.2010.16321151192Search in Google Scholar
Kirshblum SC, Priebe MM, Ho CH, Scelza WM, Chiodo AE, Wuermser LA. Spinal cord injury medicine. 3. Rehabilitation phase after acute spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007; 88(3 Suppl 1):S62–70.KirshblumSCPriebeMMHoCHScelzaWMChiodoAEWuermserLASpinal cord injury medicine. 3. Rehabilitation phase after acute spinal cord injuryArch Phys Med Rehabil.2007883 Suppl 1S627010.1016/j.apmr.2006.12.00317321851Search in Google Scholar
Barbeau H, Nadeau S, Garneau C. Physical determinants, emerging concepts, and training approaches in gait of individuals with spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2006; 23:571–85.BarbeauHNadeauSGarneauCPhysical determinants, emerging concepts, and training approaches in gait of individuals with spinal cord injuryJ Neurotrauma2006235718510.1089/neu.2006.23.57116629638Search in Google Scholar
Tamburella F, Scivoletto G, Molinari M. Balance training improves static stability and gait in chronic incomplete spinal cord injury subjects: a pilot study. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2013; 49:353–64.TamburellaFScivolettoGMolinariMBalance training improves static stability and gait in chronic incomplete spinal cord injury subjects: a pilot studyEur J Phys Rehabil Med20134935364Search in Google Scholar
Nardone A, Schieppati M. The role of instrumental assessment of balance in clinical decision making. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2010; 46:221–37.NardoneASchieppatiMThe role of instrumental assessment of balance in clinical decision makingEur J Phys Rehabil Med20104622137Search in Google Scholar
Yelnik A, Bonan I. Clinical tools for assessing balance disorders. Neurophysiol Clin. 2008; 38:439–45.YelnikABonanIClinical tools for assessing balance disordersNeurophysiol Clin2008384394510.1016/j.neucli.2008.09.00819026963Search in Google Scholar
Noohu MM, Dey AB, Hussain ME. Relevance of balance measurement tools and balance training for fall prevention in older adults. J Clin Gerontol Geriatr. 2014; 5:31–5.NoohuMMDeyABHussainMERelevance of balance measurement tools and balance training for fall prevention in older adultsJ Clin Gerontol Geriatr2014531510.1016/j.jcgg.2013.05.002Search in Google Scholar
Sibley KM, Straus SE, Inness EL, Salbach NM, Jaglal SB. Clinical balance assessment: perceptions of commonly-used standardized measures and current practices among physiotherapists in Ontario, Canada. Implement Sci. 2013; 8:33. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-8-33SibleyKMStrausSEInnessELSalbachNMJaglalSBClinical balance assessment: perceptions of commonly-used standardized measures and current practices among physiotherapists in Ontario, CanadaImplement Sci.201383310.1186/1748-5908-8-33360683623510277Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Park E-Y, Kim W-H. Correlation of Berg balance scale and functional reach test. Phys Ther Korea. 2007; 14:28–34.ParkE-YKimW-HCorrelation of Berg balance scale and functional reach testPhys Ther Korea2007142834Search in Google Scholar
Moore JL, Potter K, Blankshain K, Kaplan SL, O’Dwyer LC, Sullivan JE. A core set of outcome measures for adults with neurologic conditions undergoing rehabilitation: a clinical practice guideline. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2018; 42:174–220.MooreJLPotterKBlankshainKKaplanSLO’DwyerLCSullivanJEA core set of outcome measures for adults with neurologic conditions undergoing rehabilitation: a clinical practice guidelineJ Neurol Phys Ther20184217422010.1097/NPT.0000000000000229602360629901487Search in Google Scholar
Tyson SF, Connell LA. How to measure balance in clinical practice. A systematic review of the psychometrics and clinical utility of measures of balance activity for neurological conditions. Clin Rehabil. 2009; 23:824–40.TysonSFConnellLAHow to measure balance in clinical practice. A systematic review of the psychometrics and clinical utility of measures of balance activity for neurological conditionsClin Rehabil2009238244010.1177/026921550933501819656816Search in Google Scholar
Page MJ, Shamseer L, Tricco AC. Registration of systematic reviews in PROSPERO: 30,000 records and counting. Syst Rev. 2018; 7:32. doi: 10.1186/s13643-018-0699-4PageMJShamseerLTriccoACRegistration of systematic reviews in PROSPERO: 30,000 records and countingSyst Rev.201873210.1186/s13643-018-0699-4581970929463298Open DOISearch in Google Scholar