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Organic or conventional production system and nutrient rate affect the nematode community in carrot production

Zane J. Grabau
Zane J. Grabau
, 
Danielle D. Treadwell
Danielle D. Treadwell
, 
Jose J. Perez Orozco
Jose J. Perez Orozco
, 
David N. Campbell
David N. Campbell
 e 
Robert C. Hochmuth
Robert C. Hochmuth
   | 13 ott 2021
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Pubblicato online: 13 ott 2021
Pagine: 1 - 18
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2021-082
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© 2021 Zane J. Grabau et al., published by Sciendo.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

Nematode soil abundances for different trophic groups as affected by production system. Data are combined across two years. Data points and error bars represent means and standard errors, respectively. ‘Conventional’ and ‘organic’ are conventional and organic production systems, respectively. An ‘*’ beside organic production mean indicates significant production system effects for a given season (ANOVA, p < 0.05).
Nematode soil abundances for different trophic groups as affected by production system. Data are combined across two years. Data points and error bars represent means and standard errors, respectively. ‘Conventional’ and ‘organic’ are conventional and organic production systems, respectively. An ‘*’ beside organic production mean indicates significant production system effects for a given season (ANOVA, p < 0.05).

Figure 2:

Nematode soil abundances for common genera as affected by production system. Data are combined across two years. Data points and error bars represent means and standard errors, respectively. ‘Conventional’ and ‘organic’ are conventional and organic production systems, respectively. An ‘*’ beside organic production mean indicates significant production system effects for a given season (ANOVA, p < 0.05).
Nematode soil abundances for common genera as affected by production system. Data are combined across two years. Data points and error bars represent means and standard errors, respectively. ‘Conventional’ and ‘organic’ are conventional and organic production systems, respectively. An ‘*’ beside organic production mean indicates significant production system effects for a given season (ANOVA, p < 0.05).

Figure 3:

Nematode community indices as affected by production system. Data are combined across two years. Data points and error bars represent means and standard errors, respectively. ‘Conventional’ and ‘organic’ are conventional and organic production systems, respectively. An ‘*’ beside organic production mean indicates significant production system effects for a given season (ANOVA, p < 0.05). Diversity is Hill’s N1 diversity based on nematode genera or trophic guilds.
Nematode community indices as affected by production system. Data are combined across two years. Data points and error bars represent means and standard errors, respectively. ‘Conventional’ and ‘organic’ are conventional and organic production systems, respectively. An ‘*’ beside organic production mean indicates significant production system effects for a given season (ANOVA, p < 0.05). Diversity is Hill’s N1 diversity based on nematode genera or trophic guilds.

Nutrient amendment application timing by rate treatment in organic production for both Year 1 and Year 2.

Treatment (total kg N/ha) At plantinga 5 WAPb 7 WAP
N rate (kg/ha) per timing
168 84 42 42
224 112 56 56
280 140 70 70
336 168 84 84
392 196 98 98

Organic production: nematode soil abundances for bacterivores and fungivores (total and individual genera) as affected by nitrogen ratea.

Year 1 Year 2 Year 1 Year 2
Rate (kg N/ha) Pmb Pf Pm Pf Pm Pf Pm Pf
Bacterivores Fungivores
168 192 b 719 b 1,615 1,246 89 144 bc 452 327
224 223 b 768 b 1,939 1,150 79 101 c 389 191
280 259 ab 703 b 1,980 1,274 83 108 c 355 248
336 360 a 1877 a 2,396 1,186 116 229 ab 565 226
392 305 ab 1,124 ab 2,109 1,431 106 276 a 393 335
Rhabditis spp. Aphelenchus spp.
168 97 b 362 b 757 413 7 23 b 67 21
224 100 ab 361 b 899 466 6 24 b 55 0
280 113 b 251 b 1,017 450 8 17 b 45 31
336 193 a 872 a 1,182 428 11 36 ab 48 10
392 165 ab 487 ab 984 526 13 49 a 96 30
Cephalobus spp. Aphelenchoides spp.
168 25 38 468 295 33 b 99 bc 102 187
224 41 95 439 189 44 ab 61 c 108 90
280 54 31 534 331 36 b 87 bc 121 139
336 58 87 555 269 61 a 184 ab 207 89
392 33 97 570 190 51 ab 214 a 118 178

Herbivore and herbivore genera soil abundances as affected by nitrogen rate in organic and conventional productiona.

Organic production Conventional production
Year 1 Year 2 Year 1 Year 2
Rate (kg N/ha) Pmb Pf Pm Pf Pm Pf Pm Pf
Herbivores
168 80 648 860 260 13 13 80 648
224 87 567 804 359 7 4 87 567
280 85 310 821 312 7 5 85 310
336 92 511 950 367 4 3 92 511
392 75 500 872 350 5 3 75 500
Mesocriconema
168 48 258 342 187 10 10 48 258
224 49 243 332 291 3 2 49 243
280 65 194 436 194 4 3 65 194
336 58 212 446 221 4 1 58 212
392 50 211 444 187 4 2 50 211
Meloidogyne incognita
168 1 0 29 b 18 0 0 1 0
224 2 3 41 b 28 0 0 2 3
280 0 6 98 a 18 0 0 0 6
336 0 0 49 b 43 0 0 0 0
392 0 8 49 b 25 0 0 0 8

Nematode genera in organic and conventional trials.

-----------Organic---------- -------Conventional---------
Nematode genera Feeding group cp value Relative abundancea Mean abundanceb Relative abundance Mean abundance
Rhabditis Bacterivore 1 25.95% 506 14.38% 79
Panagrolaimus Bacterivore 1 1.67% 33 0.03% 0
Diplogaster Bacterivore 1 0.04% 1 0.14% 1
Cephalobus Bacterivore 2 11.27% 220 56.71% 310
Acrobeles Bacterivore 2 9.31% 182 1.07% 6
Eucephalobus Bacterivore 2 9.08% 177 7.49% 41
Cervidellus Bacterivore 2 0.74% 14 0.08% 0
Heterocephalobus Bacterivore 2 0.15% 3 N/A N/A
Plectus Bacterivore 2 0.12% 2 0.31% 2
Filenchus Fungivore 2 5.91% 115 0.77% 4
Aphelenchus Fungivore 2 3.92% 77 6.21% 34
Aphelenchoides Fungivore 2 3.26% 64 5.00% 27
Ditylenchus Fungivore 2 0.36% 7 0.07% 0
Diphtherophora Fungivore 3 0.23% 4 0.10% 1
Paratylenchus Herbivore 2 3.21% 63 0.08% 0
Malenchus Herbivore 2 0.89% 17 0.02% 0
Mesocriconema Herbivore 3 11.45% 223 4.62% 25
Pratylenchus Herbivore 3 6.52% 127 0.24% 1
Meloidogyne Herbivore 3 0.18% 4 0.82% 4
Paratrichodorus Herbivore 4 0.23% 5 0.28% 2
Axonchium Herbivore 5 0.10% 2 0.16% 1
Thonus Omnivore 4 1.48% 29 0.36% 2
Mesodorylaimus Omnivore 4 0.36% 7 N/A N/A
Eudorylaimus Omnivore 4 0.14% 3 0.04% 0
Aporcelaimellus Omnivore 5 2.94% 57 0.33% 2
Paraxonchium Omnivore 5 0.04% 1 N/A N/A
Seinura Predator 2 N/A N/A 0.50% 3
Discolaimus Predator 5 0.13% 3 0.02% 0

Conventional production: nematode soil abundances for bacterivores and fungivores (total and individual genera) as affected by nitrogen ratea.

Year 1 Year 2 Year 1 Year 2
Rate (kg N/ha) Pmb Pf Pm Pf Pm Pf Pm Pf
Bacterivores Fungivores
168 95 220 ab 351 756 b 10 15 b 94 106 b
224 119 156 b 706 1,563 a 19 15 b 203 194 a
280 89 216 ab 542 967 b 7 29 a 148 93 b
336 93 273 a 356 770 b 10 10 b 140 111 b
392 84 316 a 280 829 b 7 13 b 61 51 b
Rhabditis spp. Aphelenchus spp.
168 2 2 131 73 9 7 70 42
224 2 2 359 214 14 8 138 56
280 4 2 240 149 6 14 99 46
336 1 3 103 116 8 7 53 23
392 2 3 60 108 5 6 45 26
Cephalobus spp. Aphelenchoides spp.
168 89 214 ab 186 623 1 4 20 62 b
224 115 152 b 295 933 4 5 52 134 a
280 82 211 ab 277 695 1 10 43 46 b
336 89 267 a 210 587 0 1 53 69 ab
392 80 311 a 196 597 1 5 15 23 b

Nutrient amendment application timing by N rate treatment in conventional production.

Year 1 (2016–2017)
Date 20 Oct 28 Nov 13 Dec 20 Dec 27 Dec 3 Jan 10 Jan 17 Jan 24 Jan 31 Jan 7 Feb 14 Feb 20 Feb 28 Feb 7 Mar 14 Mar 21 Mar
DAPa: ‒9 30 45 52 59 66 73 80 87 94 101 108 114 122 129 136 143
Treatment (total kg N/ha) -----------------------------------------N applied each date (kg/ha)--------------------------------------------
168 28.0 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5
224 28.0 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5
280 28.0 31.5 31.5 31.5 31.5 31.5 31.5 31.5 31.5
336 28.0 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5
392 28.0 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3
Year 2 (2017–2018)
Date: 27 Oct 4 Dec 18 Dec 21 Dec 28 Dec 4 Jan 11 Jan 16 Jan 25 Jan 1 Feb 8 Feb 13 Feb 22 Feb 1 Mar 8 Mar 13 Mar 22 Mar
DAP: ‒6 32 46 49 56 63 70 75 84 91 98 103 112 119 126 131 140
Treatment (total kg N/ha) -----------------------------------------N applied each date (kg/ha)--------------------------------------------
168 28.0 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5
224 28.0 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5
280 28.0 31.5 31.5 31.5 31.5 31.5 31.5 31.5 31.5
336 28.0 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5
392 28.0 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3

Schedule for data collection and trial establishment.

Year 1 (2016–2017) Year 2 (2017–2018)
Item Conventional Organic Conventional Organic
Soil fumigation 9 Sep (‒50) N/Aa 13 Oct (‒21) N/A
Date planted 29 Oct (0) 14 Nov (0)b 2 Nov (0) 15 Nov (0)
Date harvested 10–11 Apr (170) 17 Apr (161) 19–20 Apr (168) 20 Apr (155)
Midseason soil sampling 16 Dec (48) 6 Jan (53) 2 Jan (61) 2 Jan (48)
Harvest soil sampling 28 Mar (157) 28 Mar (141) 13 Mar (131) 13 Mar (118)

Nematode community indices as affected by nitrogen rate in organic and conventional productiona.

Organic production Conventional production
Year 1 Year 2 Year 1 Year 2
Rate (kg N/ha) Vmb Vf Vm Vf Vm Vf Vm Vf
Structure index
168 37 50 27 25 8 5 10 1.5
224 26 50 36 37 7 5 6 6.6
280 34 48 37 28 7 6 7 9.4
336 28 46 29 24 11 3 16 4.4
392 20 37 18 33 8 3 6 0.3
Enrichment index
168 72 ab 76 73 73 13 10 65 35
224 70 b 71 72 73 18 11 61 42
280 70 ab 69 77 72 19 13 66 41
336 76 a 81 74 76 10 6 59 43
392 75 a 76 74 76 12 8 54 37
Hill’s N1 diversity-genera
168 9.4 9.5 8.6 4.6 2.5 2.1 6.2 3.1
224 9.4 9.8 9.1 4.4 3.0 1.9 5.4 4.0
280 8.8 9.7 8.5 4.5 2.4 2.1 5.2 4.0
336 8.0 8.8 8.9 4.6 2.3 1.4 7.1 4.0
392 8.1 9.8 8.4 4.5 2.3 1.6 4.9 2.8
Hill’s N1 diversity-guild
168 2.0 1.8 4.1 2.8 5.1 5.1 5.3 4.5
224 2.2 1.6 3.4 3.0 4.8 5.2 5.3 4.6
280 2.1 1.8 3.6 2.9 4.8 4.8 5.2 4.4
336 1.9 1.3 4.2 2.9 4.5 4.6 5.0 4.5
392 1.9 1.5 3.4 2.6 4.4 5.1 4.8 4.8
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