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Occurrence of microcystins and anatoxin-a in eutrophic lakes of Saint Petersburg, Northwestern Russia

Ekaterina Chernova
Ekaterina Chernova
, 
Iana Russkikh
Iana Russkikh
, 
Ekaterina Voyakina
Ekaterina Voyakina
 e 
Zoya Zhakovskaya
Zoya Zhakovskaya
   | 14 dic 2016
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Article Category: Original research paper
Pubblicato online: 14 dic 2016
Pagine: 466 - 484
Ricevuto: 25 feb 2016
Accettato: 11 mag 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ohs-2016-0040
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© Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Poland. All rights reserved.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Seasonal changes in the total phytoplankton and cyanobacterial biomass in the studied lakes from May to October 2010-2012. A, B, C, Sestroretskij Razliv Lake in 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively; D, E, F, Lower Suzdal Lake in 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively
Seasonal changes in the total phytoplankton and cyanobacterial biomass in the studied lakes from May to October 2010-2012. A, B, C, Sestroretskij Razliv Lake in 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively; D, E, F, Lower Suzdal Lake in 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively

Concentration of extracellular and intracellular cyanotoxins, three main toxin variants, and biomass of dominant species in samples from Lake Sestroretskij Razliv. MC = microcystin, dm = desmethyl, didm = double desmethyl, *denotes trace concentration (below 50 pg per injection), nd = values below LOD, DW = on a dry-weight basis

Sampling period (number of events) Concentration of extracellular cyanotoxins in water (µg l ) Concentration of intracellular cyanotoxins in biomass (µg g DW) Dominant species according to the number of cells Cyanobacterial biomass (mg l )
Total Three main toxin variants Total Three main toxin variants
2010 seasonal median 1.61 (min. 0.11, max 41.37, N=8) seasonal median 132 (min. 8, max 380, N=8)
June-July (2) 0.10-0.19 dmMC-LR (0.01-0.06), MC-LR (0.03-0.15), MC-YR * 8-51 MC-RR (4-20), MC-LR (2-20) Dolichospermum flos-aquae, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Microcystis wesenbergii, Dolichospermum planctonica 0.73-4.47
July-Aug. (2) 0.16-2.60 dmMC-RR (0.01-1.03), MC-LR (0.08-0.87), MC-YR (nd-0.24) 11-23 MC-RR (6), didmMC-RR (nd-6) Dolichospermum planctonica 3.19-13.96
Aug.-Sept. (3) 0.61-41.37 dmMC-RR (0.46-38.54), dmMC-LR (0.05-1.65), MC-LR (0.03-1.41) 213-380 MC-RR (51-100), MC-LR (34-80), didmMC-RR (14-104) Dolichospermum planctonica, Microcystis spp., Aphanizomenon flos-aquae 1.00-5.44
Oct. (1) 13.38 dmMC-RR (6.54), MC-LR (2.80), MC-RR (2.16) 255 dmMC-LR (133), MC-LR (74), dmMC-YR (15) Aulacoseira italica 0.02
2011 seasonal median 0.08 (min.< 0.003, max 0.70, N=7) seasonal median 463 (min. < 0.08, max 2095, N=7)
June-Sept. (7) < 0.10-0.70 MC-RR (nd-0.26), MC-LR (nd-0.21), dmMC-RR (nd-0.28) < 0.08-2095 MC-LR (nd-306), MC-YR (nd-345), dmMC-RR (nd-1245) Microcystis spp., Aphanizomenon flos-aquae 2.19-61.94
2012 seasonal median 0.06 (min.< 0.003, max 1.24, N=9) seasonal median 490 (min. 45, max 2294, N=8)
May (1) 0.06 MC-LR (0.02), MC-RR (0.04) 1377 MC-RR (578), dmMC-RR (349), MC-LR (244) Microcystis spp., Aphanizomenon flos-aquae 2.33
mid-June (1) 1.24 MC-RR (0.74), MC-LR (0.50) 1859 MC-LR (734), MC-RR (807), MC-LF (112) Planktothrix agardhii 7.11
end of June (1) 0.12 MC-LR (0.07), MC-RR (0.05) 298 MC-RR (215), MC-LR (78) Microcystis spp. 0.45
July (2) <0.10-0.87 MC-LR (0.01-0.31), MC-RR (0.03-0.44), MC-YR (0.01-0.06) 260-489 MC-LR (51-116), MC-RR (186-334), MC-YR (20-36) Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Microcystis spp. 2.10-4.84
Aug.-Sept. (4) <0.10-0.92 MC-LR (nd-0.40), MC-RR (nd-0.29), MC-YR (0.06-0.23) 45-2294 MC-RR (6-995), [L-Ser ]MC-RR (nd-973), MC-LR (8-344) Microcystis spp. 1.43-11.34

Detected concentrations of extracellular MCs in water and intracellular MCs in biomass samples, cell number and biomass of observed cyanobacterial species in Sestroretskij Razliv Lake in 2011. * denotes to cell number or biomass <1%. Aph. = Aphanizomenon, M. = Microcystis, D. = Dolichospermum, P. = Planktothrix; NA = data not available, ND = not detected (concentration below LOD)

Sestroretskij Razliv Lake, 2011 MC-LR dmMC-LR [D-Glu-OCH MC-LR] MC-RR dmMC-RR MC-YR MC-WR MC-LW Total MCs Cell number of cyanobacterial species, x 10 cells l , (N,%) Biomass of observed cyanobacterial species, mg l , (B,%)
02 Jun Water, µg l 0.004 0.003 0.070 0.077 Aph. flos-aquae 5.20 (18%), M. aeruginosa 4.80 (16%), D. smithii 1.20 (4%), D. sp. 1.10 (4%), D. circinale 0.80 (3%), D. spiroides 0.80 (3%), Limnothrix planctonica 0.80 (3%), Aphanocapsa planctonica 0.60 (2%), D. crassum 0.50 (2%), M. wesenbergii 0.28 (1%), D. flos-aquae 0.28 (1%) Aph. flos-aquae 1.15 (15%), M. aeruginosa 0.31 (4%), D. smithii 0.27 (3%), D. spp. 0.24 (3%), D. spiroides 0.18 (2%), Aphanocapsa planctonica 0.13 (2%), D. crassum 0.11 (2%), D. circinalis 0.08 (1%), M. wesenbergii*, D. flos-aquae*, Limnothrix planctonica*
Bio,µg g dw ND
27 Jun Water, µg l ND Aph. flos-aquae 8.40 (45%), M. aeruginosa 4.20(23%), D. spiroides 0.98 (5%), M. wesenbergii 0.96 (5%), Woronichinia naegeliana 0.60 (3%), D. smithii 0.50 (3%), D. circinale* Aph. flos-aquae 1.86 (21%), M. aeruginosa 0.27 (3%), D. spiroides 0.22 (2%), D. smithii 0.11 (1%), M. wesenbergii*, Woronichinia naegeliana*, D. circinale *
Bio,µg g dw ND
18 Jul Water, µg l 0.211 0.086 0.044 0.341 M. aeruginosa 576.00 (73%), M. viridis 96.00 (12%), Aph. flos-aquae 64.00 (8 %), M. wesenbergii 57.60 (7%), D. planctonica*, D. spiroides*, Woronichinia naegeliana* M. aeruginosa 37.70 (60%), M. viridis 6.28 (10%), Aph. flos-aquae 14.14 (23 %), M. wesenbergii 3.77 (6%), D. planctonica*, D. spiroides*, Woronichinia naegeliana*
Bio,µg g dw 264 20 8 188 20 62 17 10 593
01 Aug Water, µg l 0.008 0.022 0.018 0.048 M. wesenbergii 45.60 (46%), M. aeruginosa 40.80 (41%), Aph. flos-aquae 10.40 (10%), Woronichinia naegeliana*, D. smithii*, D. crassum*, D. spiroides*, Snowella lacustris*, D. circinalis * M. wesenbergii 10.07 (54%), M. aeruginosa 2.67 (14%), Aph. flos-aquae 2.30 (12%), Woronichinia naegeliana*, D. smithii*, D. crassum*, D. spiroides*, Snowella lacustris*, D. circinalis *
Bio,µg g dw 119 7 5 84 7 29 9 2 266
22 Aug Water, µg l 0.024 0.025 0.049 M. aeruginosa 21.60 (58%), M. wesenbergii 11.20 (30%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.20 (1%), Woronichinia naegeliana*, Cuspidothrix elenkinii*, D. crassum* M. aeruginosa 1.41 (29%), M. wesenbergii 0.73 (14%), Aph. flos-aquae*, Woronichinia naegeliana*, Cuspidothrix elenkinii*, D. crassum*
Bio,µg g dw 196 5 5 175 1 62 19 463
19 Sep Water, µg l 0.066 0.017 0.071 0.004 0.014 0.172 M. aeruginosa 45.60 (61%), Aphanocapsa planctonica 12.00 (16%), M. wesenbergii 8.40 (11%), Aph. flos-aquae 6.00 (8%), P. agardhii 2.10 (3%), D. crassum*, M. viridis*, D. spiroides* M. aeruginosa 2.98 (45%), Aph. flos-aquae 1.33 (20%), Aphanocapsa planctonica 0.79 (12%), M. wesenbergii 0.55 (8%), P. agardhii 0.14 (2%), D. crassum*, M. viridis*, D.spiroides*
Bio,µg g dw 159 11 335 1245 345 2095
22 Sep Water, µg l 0.046 0.012 0.263 0.278 0.097 0.696 NA NA
Bio,µg g dw 306 21 142 43 29 541

Detected concentrations of extracellular MCs in water and intracellular MCs in biomass samples, cell number and biomass of observed cyanobacterial species in Lower Suzdal Lake in 2010. * denotes to cell number or biomass <1%. Aph. = Aphanizomenon, M. = Microcystis, D. = Dolichospermum, P. = Planktothrix; NA = data not available

Lower Suzdal Lake, 2010 MC- LR dmMC-LR ]MC-LR [L-Ser MC-RR dmMC-RR ]MC-RR [L-Ser MC-YR dmMC-YR MC-WR Total MCs Anatoxin-a Cell number of cyanobacterial species, x 10 cells l , (N,%) Biomass of cyanobacterial species, mg l , (B,%)
11 Jun Water, µg l 0.135 0.047 0.022 0.006 0.176 0.386 Aph. flos-aquae 0.03 (1%) Aph. flos-aquae *
Bio, µg g dw 5 2 7
28 Jun Water, µg l 0.007 0.007 0.014 0.160 P. agardhii 100.80 (58%), Aph. flos-aquae 70.40 (40%), D. planctonica*, M. aeruginosa*, Merismopedia punctate* Aph. flos-aquae 6.91 (37%), P. agardhii 6.60 (35%), D. planctonica*, M. aeruginosa*, Merismopedia punctate*
Bio, µg g dw 2 2 4
15 Jul Water, µg l 0.089 0.079 0.255 0.021 0.357 0.315 0.564 1.680 0.540 P. agardhii 99.60 (94%), M. wesenbergii 2.40 (3%), D. planctonica 0.65 (1%), Aphanocapsa planctonica 0.60 (1%), Synechocystis crassa* P. agardhii 6.52 (33%), M. wesenbergii 0.16 (1%), D. planctonica 0.14 (1%), Aphanocapsa planctonica*, Synechocystis crassa*
Bio, µg g dw 5 3 2 11 7 2 30
02 Aug Water, µg l 0.010 0.036 0.023 0.005 0.230 0.304 P. agardhii 4.20 (78%), M. wesenbergii 0.33 (6%), Cuspidothrix elenkini*, D. planctonica* P. agardhii 0.27 (14%), M. wesenbergii 0.02 (1%), Cuspidothrix elenkini*, D. planctonica*
Bio, µg g dw 3 3 6 6 1 2 8 29
16 Aug Water, µg l 0.035 0.078 0.047 0.018 0.081 0.079 0.098 0.436 NA NA
Bio, µg g dw 67 10 98 1 22 31 5 234
09 Sep Water, µg l 0.031 0.115 0.025 0.262 0.131 0.564 M. wesenbergii 1.80 (68%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.04 (1%), P. agardhii 0.02 (1%) M.wesenbergii 0.12 (2%), P. agardhii*, Aph. flos-aquae*
Bio, µg g dw 1 1
27 Sep Water, µg l 0.049 0.454 0.123 0.199 0.954 0.874 0.089 0.143 2.885 M. wesenbergii 0.30 (5%), P. agardhii 0.15 (3%), Aph. flos-aquae*, D. planctonica* Aph. flos-aquae*, M. wesenbergii*, P. agardhii*, D. planctonica*
Bio, µg g dw 12 6 18

Abundance and biomass of the observed taxonomic groups in the studied lakes in the period of 2010-2012

S1A
Sestroretskij Razliv Lake, 2010
Date Groups Abundance (×10 cell l ) Abundance (%) Biomass (mg l ) Biomass (%)
16-Jun-2010 Cyanoprokaryota 60.8 96 4.47 42
Cryptophyceae 1.1 2 2.70 26
All groups 63.3 100 10.55 100
1-Jul-2010 Cyanoprokaryota 6.4 41 0.73 2
Cryptophyceae 1.8 12 3.73 11
Diatomophyceae 5.0 32 9.80 29
Chlorophyta 2.3 15 19.47 57
All groups 15.5 100 34.13 100
23-Jul-2010 Cyanoprokaryota 8.3 43 3.19 9
Chlorophyta 10.9 56 30.89 88
All groups 19.4 100 35.09 100
05-Aug-2010 Cyanoprokaryota 72.2 86 13.96 19
Chlorophyta 10.0 12 56.71 75
All groups 83.5 100 75.26 100
16-Aug-2010 Cyanoprokaryota 62.5 67 5.44 12
Chlorophyta 12.0 13 32.28 70
All groups 93.7 100 46.36 100
21-Sep-2010 Cyanoprokaryota 15.0 89 1.05 19
Cryptophyceae 1.5 3 9.05 63
All groups 16.9 100 5.47 100
7-Oct-2010 Cyanoprokaryota 0.2 5 0.02 0.4
Cryptophyceae 0.8 30 1.57 29
Diatomophyceae 2.1 65 2.98 56
All groups 3.2 100 5.34 100

Detected concentrations of extracellular MCs in wat er and intracellular MCs in biomass samples, cell number and biomass of obse rved cyanobacterial species in Sestroretskij Razliv Lake in 2010.

Sestroretskij Razliv Lake, 2010 MC-LR dmMC-LR didmMC-LR [L-Ser7]MC-LR [L-MeSer][-MC-LR] MC-RR dmMC-RR didm-MC-RR [L-Ser]-MC-RR MC-YR dmMC-YR MC-LF MC-HtyR MC-YA Total MCs Cell number of cyanobacterial species, × 106 cells l–1, (N,%) Biomass of cyanobacterial species, mg l–1, (B,%)
16 Jun Water, µg l–1 0.153 0.009 0.006 0.014 0.007 0.189 Aph. flos-aquae 36.8 (58 %), D. flos-aquae 20.8 (33%), D. planctonica 1.3 (2%), D. spiroides 1.05 (2%), D. crassum 0.8 (1 %), Snowella lacustris* Aph. flos-aquae 2.41 (23 %), D. flos-aquae 1.36 (13%), D. planctonica 0.29 (3%), D. spiroides 0.23 (2%), D. crassum 0.18 (2 %), Snowella lacustris*
Bio, µg g–1 dw 20 3 3 20 1 1 1 51
01 Jul Water, µg l–1 0.028 0.055 0.003 0.025 0.111 M. wesenbergii 4.40 (28%), Aph. flos-aquae 1.00 (6%), P. agardhii 0.60 (4%), D. planctonica 0.26 (2%), D. spiroides *, D. crassum * M. wesenbergii 0.29 (1%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.22 (1%), P. agardhii*, D. planctonicum*, D. spiroides*
Bio, µg g–1 dw 2 2 4 8
23 Jul Water, µg l–1 0.054 0.028 0.012 0.094 D. planctonica 5.6 (29%), D. spiroides 1.05 (5%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.4 (2%), Limnothrix planctonica 0.4 (2%), M. aeruginosa 0.52 (3%), M. wesenbergii 0.36 (2%) D. planctonica 2.93 (8%), D. spiroides*, Aph. flos-aquae*, Limnothrix planctonica*, M. aeruginosa*, M. wesenbergii *
Bio, µg g–1 dw 3 2 6 1 11
05 Aug Water, µg l–1 0.874 0.238 0.053 0.158 1.032 0.241 0.003 2.599 D. planctonica 52.00 (62%), Limnothrix planctonica 9.20 (11%), Aph. flos-aquae 2.80 (3%), D. crassum 2.70 (3 %), M. wesenbergii 2.40 (3%), Cuspidothrix issatschenk 1.80 (2%), D. spiroides 1.10 (1%), M. aeruginosa * D. planctonica 11.49 (15%), D. crassum 1.49 (2%), Limnothrix planctonica*, Aph. flos-aquae*, M. wesenbergii*, Cuspidothrix issatschenk*, D. spiroides*, M. aeruginosa *
Bio, µg g–1 dw 3 2 1 23
16 Aug Water, µg l–1 0.830 0.945 0.042 0.840 38.542 0.165 0.006 41.370 Limnothrix planctonica 18.60 (20%), D. planctonica 15.70 (17%), Aph. flos-aquae 12.60 (13%), D. spiroides 7.50 (8%), M. wesenbergii 4.80 (5%), M. aeruginosa 2.50 (3%), P. agardhii 0.75 (1%) Aph. flos-aquae 2.78 (6%), D. planctonicum 1.03 (2%), Limnothrix planctonica 0.61 (1%), D. spiroides 0.49 (1%), M. wesenbergii*, M. aeruginosa*, P. agardhii *
Bio, µg g–1 dw 80 0 100 49 8 19 3 256
06 Sep Water, µg l–1 1.410 1.650 0.020 0.451 12.490 0.036 16.057 NA NA
Bio, µg g–1 dw 34 53 1 51 14 10 14 36 213
21 Sep Water, µg l–1 0.030 0.050 0.055 0.017 0.459 0.611 M. wesenbergii 7.20 (43%), M. aeruginosa 6.40 (38%), P. agardhii 0.60 (4%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.48 (3%), Planktolyngbya limnetica 0.3 (2%) M. wesenbergii 0.47 (9%), M. aeruginosa 0.42 (8%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.11 (2%), P. agardhii*, Planktolyngbya limnetica *
Bio, µg g–1 dw 47 27 90 104 33 13 65 380
07 Oct Water, µg l–1 2.802 1.425 2.160 6.543 0.248 0.200 13.378 M. aeruginosa 0.08 (3%), D. spiroides 0.06 (2%), Aph. flos-aquae * M. aeruginosa*, D. spiroides*, Aph. flos-aquae*
Bio, µg g–1 dw 74 133 3 14 3 14 15 255

The number and structure of microcystin (MC) variants identified in Sestroretskij Razliv and in Lower Suzdal Lake in 2010–2012

Year MCs in Razliv (total variants 14) MCs in Suzdal (total variants 9)
2010 dmMC-LRMC-LRdidmMC-RRdmMC-RRMC-RRMC-YR,[L-Ser7]MC-LR[L-MeSer7]MC-LRMC-YAMC-HtyRMC-LF dmMC-LRMC-LR[L-Ser7]MC-LRdmMC-RRMC-RR[L-Ser7]MC-RRMC-YRMC-WR
2011 dm-MC-LRMC-LRdm-MC-RRMC-RRMC-YRMC-WRMC-LW dm-MC-LRMC-LRdm-MC-RRMC-RRdmMC-YRMC-YRMC-LW
2012 dmMC-LRMC-LRdidmMC-RRdmMC-RRMC-RR[L-Ser7]MC-RRdmMC-YRMC -YRMC-LF MC-LRdmMC-RRMC-RRMC-YR

Detected concentrations of extracellular MCs in water and intracellular MCs in biomass samples, cell number and biomass of observed cyanobacterial species in Sestroretskij Razliv Lake in 2012. * denotes to cell number or biomass <1%. Aph. = Aphanizomenon, M. = Microcystis, D. = Dolichospermum, P. = Planktothrix; NA = data not available, ND = not detected (concentration below LOD)

Sestroretskij Razliv Lake, 2012 MC-LR dmMC-LR MC-RR didmMC-RR dmMC-RR ]MC-RR [L-Ser MC -YR dmMC-YR MC-LF Total MCs Cell number of cyanobacterial species, x 10 cells l , (N,%) Biomass of cyanobacterial species, mg l , (B,%)
28 May Water, µg l 0.015 0.035 0.050 M. aeruginosa 8.40 (28%), Aph. flos-aquae 4.20 (14%), D. circinalis 3.80 (13%), M. wesenbergii 1.60 (5%), D. spiroides 0.41 (1%), D. planctonica 0.40 (1%), Cuspidothrix elenkinii 0.40 (1%), Limnothrix planctonica*, D.crassum * M. aeruginosa 0.55 (2%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.93(4%), D. circinale 0.37 (1%), M. wesenbergii*, D. spiroides*, D. planctonica*, Cuspidothrix elenkinii*, Limnothrix planctonica*, D. crassum*
Bio, µg g dw 244 71 578 16 349 81 37 1 1377
14 Jun Water, µg l 0.495 0.735 0.005 0.008 1.243 Limnothrix planctonica 43.20 (37%), P. agardhii 28.80 (24%), Planktolyngbia spp. 8.00 (7%), D. spiroides 7.20 (6%), M. aeruginosa 4.20 (4%), D. circinalis 4.00 (3%), M. wesenbergii 3.60 (3%), D. planctonica 2.40 (2%), D. crassum 1.10 (1%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.80 (1%) Limnothrix planctonica 1.84 (7%), P. agardhii 1.88 (7%), D. planctonica 1.26 (5%), D. spiroides 0.47 (2%), D. circinalis 0.39 (2%), M. aeruginosa 0.27 (1%), Planktolyngbia spp. 0.34 (1%), M. wesenbergii*, D. crassum*, Aph. flos-aquae *
Bio, µg g dw 743 78 807 12 89 6 22 112 1859
24 Jun Water, µg l 0.067 0.054 0.121 M. wesenbergii 2.80 (38%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.90 (12%), D. spiroides 0.55 (7%), M. aeruginosa 0.30 (4 %), Limnothrix planctonica 0.20 (3%), D. viguerii 0.06 (1%), P. agardhii * M. wesenbergii 0.18 (4%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.20 (4%), D. spiroides*, M. aeruginosa*, Limnothrix planctonica*, D. viguerii*, P. agardhii*
Bio, µg g dw 78 215 5 298
5 Jul Water, µg l 0.014 0.030 0.009 0.053 Aph. flos-aquae 6.40 (38%), M. aeruginosa 4.80 (28%), M. wesenbergii 4.80 (28%), D. spiroides 0.43 (3%), Cryptomonas rostrate 0.14 (1%), D. planctonica *, Synechocystis crassum* Aph. flos-aquae 1.41 (38%), M. aeruginosa 0.31 (9%), M. wesenbergii 0.31 (9%), D. spiroides*, D. planctonica*, Synechocystis crassum*
Bio, µg g dw 116 334 3 36 489
20 Jul Water, µg l 0.315 0.438 0.053 0.061 0.867 Aph. flos-aquae 30.40 (52%), M. wesenbergii 13.60 (23%), M. viridis 10.40 (18%), M. aeruginosa 4.20 (7%), P.agardhii*, D. planctonica*, D. spiroides* Aph. flos-aquae 2.98 (47%), M. wesenbergii 0.89 (14%), M. viridis 0.68 (11%), M. aeruginosa 0.27 (4%), P. agardhii*, D. planctonica*, D. spiroides*
Bio, µg g dw 51 186 3 20 260
2 Aug Water, µg l 0.399 0.289 0.228 0.916 M. viridis 10.80 (51%), M. wesenbergii 6.00 (28%), M. aeruginosa 3.60 (17%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.40 (2%), D. spiroides*, Synechocystis crassa* M. viridis 0.71 (28%), M. wesenbergii 0.39 (15%), M. aeruginosa 0.24 (9%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.09 (3%), D. spiroides *
Bio, µg g dw 308 880 2 973 131 2294
13 Aug Water, µg l ND M. aeruginosa 8.00 (40%), M. wesenbergii 8.00 (40%), M. viridis 1.60 (8%), Aph. flos-aquae 1.30 (7%), Limnothrix planctonica* M. aeruginosa 0.52 (13%), M. wesenbergii 0.52(13%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.29 (7%), M. viridis 0.10 (3%), Limnothrix planctonica*
Bio, µg g dw 344 995 2 1 124 1466
3 Sep Water, µg l 0.058 0.058 M. viridis 76.80 (43%), M. wesenbergii 57.60 (32%), M. aeruginosa 38.40 (22%), Aph. flos-aquae* M. viridis 5.03 (24%), M. wesenbergii 3.77 (18%), M. aeruginosa 2.51 (12%), Aph. flos-aquae*
Bio, µg g dw 14 2 35 11 7 1 70
13 Sep Water, µg l ND M. wesenbergii 43.20 (59%), M. aeruginosa 16.00 (22%), M. viridis 4.80 (7%), Aph. flos-aquae 4.00 (5%), D. crassum*, Woronichinia naegeliana* M. wesenbergii 2.83 (18%), M. aeruginosa 1.05(7%), M. viridis 0.31 (2%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.39 (2%), D. crassum*, Woronichinia naegeliana*
Bio, µg g dw 8 7 6 1 14 3 6 45

Detected concentrations of extracellular MCs in water and intracellular MCs in biomass samples, cell number and biomass of observed cyanobacterial species in Lower Suzdal Lake in 2011. * denotes to cell number or biomass <1%. Aph. = Aphanizomenon, M. = Microcystis, D. = Dolichospermum, P. = Planktothrix; NA = data not available

Lower Suzdal Lake, 2011 MC-LR dmMC-LR MC-RR dmMC-RR MC-YR dmMC-YR MC-LW Total ??s Anatoxin-a Cell number of cyanobacterial species, x 10 cells l , (N,%) Biomass of cyanobacterial species, mg l , (B,%)
6 Jun Water, µg l 0.006 0.008 0.002 0.016 P. agardhii 4.50 (54%), M. aeruginosa 1.38 (17%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.60 (7%), M. wesenbergii 0.15 (2%), Aphanocapsa planctonica 0.12 (1%) P. agardhii 0.29 (5%), M. aeruginosa 0.09 (2%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.04(1%), M. wesenbergii*, Aphanocapsa planctonica*
Bio, µg g dw
4 Jul Water, µg l 0.007 0.007 0.139 Limnothrix planctonica 67.20 (52%), P. agardhii 38.40 (30%), Aph. flos-aquae 16.00 (12 %), Aphanocapsa incerta 2.40 (2%), M. wesenbergii 1.80 (1 %), Cuspidothrix elenkinii 1.20 (1%), D. planctonica* Limnothrix planctonica 2.86 (29%), P. agardhii 2.51 (30%), Aph. flos-aquae 1.57 (16 %), Aphanocapsa incerta 0.16 (2%), M. wesenbergii 0.12 (1 %), Cuspidothrix elenkinii 0.20 (2%), D. planctonica*
Bio, µg g dw 1 3 4 30
11 Jul Water, µg l 0.008 0.008 0.266 P. agardhii 31.20 (60%), Aph. flos-aquae 18.00 (35%), M. wesenbergii 0.60 (1%), Aphanocapsa planctonica 0.42 (1%), Limnothrix planctonica*, D. planctonica*, D. spiroides* P. agardhii 0.51 (9%), Aph. flos-aquae 1.18 (20%), M. wesenbergii*, Aphanocapsa planctonica*, Limnothrix planctonica*, D. planctonica*, D. spiroides*
Bio, µg g dw 4 4
21 Jul Water, µg l 0.054 0.009 0.203 0.138 0.404 P. agardhii 168.00 (79%), Aph. flos-aquae 16.00 (8%), Limnothrix planctonica 16.00 (8%), Cuspidothrix elenkinii 6.40 (3%), M. wesenbergii 4.80 (2%), D. planctonica*, D. spiroides* P. agardhii 11.00 (53%), Aph. flos-aquae 3.53 (17%), Limnothrix planctonica 0.68 (3%), Cuspidothrix elenkinii 1.09 (5%), M. wesenbergii 0.31 (2%), D. planctonica*, D. spiroides*
Bio, µg g dw 225 17 71 24 351 3 7 698
5 Aug Water, µg l 0.006 0.006 0.012 0.240 NA NA
Bio, µg g dw 33 15 28 23 16 5 121
5 Sep Water, µg l 0.0011 0.007 0.018 0.029 0.065 P. agardhii 432.00 (98.5%), M. aeruginosa 2.40 (1%), M. wesenbergii*, Aphanocapsa planctonica*, Woronichinia naegeliana*, Snowella lacustris*, D. circinalis* P. agardhii 7.07 (56%), M. aeruginosa 0.16 (1%), M. wesenbergii 0.10 (1%), Aphanocapsa planctonica*, Woronichinia naegeliana*, Snowella lacustris*, D. circinalis*
Bio, µg g dw 41 13 32 35 19 142
29 Sep Water, µg l 0.070 0.007 P. agardhii 336.00 (97%), Aphanocapsa planctonica 4.80 (1%), Woronichinia karelica 3.90 (1%), Aphanocapsa holsatica*, M. aeruginosa*, M. wesenbergii* P. agardhii 8.25 (77%), Aphanocapsa planctonica 0.31 (3%), Woronichinia karelica 0.13 (1%), Aphanocapsa holsatica*, M. aeruginosa*, M. wesenbergi*
Bio, µg g dw 28 26 31 34 2 121

Concentration of extracellular and intracellular cyanotoxins, three main toxin variants, and biomass of dominant species in samples from Lower Suzdal Lake. MC = microcystin, AN = anatoxin-a, dm = desmethyl, *denotes trace concentration (below 50 pg per injection), nd = values below LOD, DW = on a dry-weight basis.

Sampling period (number of events) Concentration of extracellular cyanotoxins in water (µg l ) Concentration of intracellular cyanotoxins in biomass (µg g DW) Dominant species according to the number of cells Cyanobacterial biomass (mg l )
Total Three main toxin variants Total Three main toxin variants
2010 seasonal median 0.44 (min. 0.01, max 2.89, N=7) seasonal median 18 (min. 1, max 234, N=7)
mid-June (1) 0.39 [L-Ser ]-MC-RR (0.18), MC-LR (0,14), dmMC-LR (0.05) 7 MC-LR (5), MC-RR (2) Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (0.5%) 0.01
end of June-Aug. (4) <0.10-1.68 dmMC-RR (0.01-0.36), [L-Ser ]-MC-RR (0.01-0.32), AN (nd-0.54) 4-234 MC-RR (2-98), MC-LR (2-7), MC-WR (2-8) Planktothrix agardhii, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae 0.30-13.57
Sept. (2) 0.56-2.89 [L-Ser ]MC-RR (0.13-0.87), dmMC-RR (0.26-0.95), dmMC-LR (0.12-0.45) 1-18 dmMC-RR (nd-12), dmMC-YR (nd-6) Microcystis spp. 0.03-0.13
2011 seasonal median 0.02 (min. 0.01, max 0.40, N=7) seasonal median 120 (min.< 0.08, max 700, N=7)
June-July (4) <0.10-0.40 AN (nd-0.27), MC-RR (0.01-0.20), dmMC-RR (nd-0.14) < 0.08-698 MC-LR (nd-225), MC-YR (nd-351), MC-LW (4-7), AN (nd-30) Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Planktothrix agardhii 0.43-16.72
Aug.-Sept. (3) <0.10-0.24 AN (nd-0.24), MC-RR*, dmMC-RR* 121-142 MC-LR (28-41), MC-RR (31-32), dmMC-RR (34-35) Planktothrix agardhii 7.38-8.78
2012 seasonal median 0.05 (min.< 0.003, max 0.71, N=8) seasonal median 250 (min. 50, max 1800, N=8)
June-July (5) <0.10-0.70 dmMC-RR (0.05-0.60), MC-RR (nd-0.22), MC-LR (nd-0.21) 51-470 MC-RR (33-318), MC-LR (8-121), dmMC-RR (1-97) Planktothrix agardhii 2.75-26.03
Aug.-Sept. (3) <0.10 MC-RR*, MC-LR* 50-1796 MC-RR (15-1345), MC-LR (26-353), MC-YR (9-116) Microcystis spp. 0.36-0.44

Detected concentrations of extracellular MCs in water and intracellular MCs in biomass samples, cell number and biomass of observed cyanobacterial species in Lower Suzdal Lake in 2012. * denotes to cell number or biomass <1%. Aph. = Aphanizomenon, M. = Microcystis, D. = Dolichospermum, P. = Planktothrix; NA = data not available

Lower Suzdal Lake, 2012 MC- LR MC -RR dmMC-RR MC- YR Total ??s Cell number of cyanobacterial species, x10 cells l , (N,%) Biomass of cyanobacterial species, mg l , (B,%)
05 Jun Water, µg l 0.002 0.045 0.047 P. agardhii 40.80 (95%), M. aeruginosa 0.60 (1%), Aph. flos-aquae * P.agardhii 2.67 (39%), M.aeruginosa*, Aph.flos-aquae*
Bio, µg g dw 21 33 97 10 161
21 Jun Water, µg l 0.010 0.618 0.628 P. agardhii 302.40 (95%), Aph. flos-aquae 4.80 (2%), M.aeruginosa*, M. wesenbergii* P.agardhii 19.79 (62%), Aph.flos-aquae 1.06 (3%), M.aeruginosa*, M.wesenbergii*
           
Bio, µg g dw 8 33 5 5 51
06 Jul Water, µg l 0.031 0.124 0.528 0.022 0.705 P. agardhii 100.80 (92 %), Aph. flos-aquae 4.00 (4%), M.wesenbergii 0.60 (1%), M. aeruginosa*, Snowella lacustris* P. agardhii 6.60 (51 %), Aph. flos-aquae 0.88 (7%), M.wesenbergii*, M.aeruginosa*, Snowella lacustris*
Bio, µg g dw 69 221 11 13 315
23 Jul Water, µg l 0.010 0.048 0.058 P. agardhii 384.00 (94%), M. aeruginosa 12.00 (3%), Cuspidothrix elenkinii*, Aph. flos-aquae*, Limnothrix planctonica*, Synechocystis crassa* P. agardhii 25.13 (39%), M. aeruginosa 0.79 (1%), Cuspidothrix elenkinii*, Aph. flos-aquae*, Limnothrix planctonica*
Bio, µg g dw 121 318 1 30 470
30 Jul Water, µg l 0.208 0.218 0.099 0.020 0.545 P. agardhii 278.40 (94%), M. aeruginosa 6.40 (2%) P. agardhii 18.22 (26%), M. aeruginosa 0.42 (1%)
Bio, µg g dw 46 131 2 12 191
16 Aug Water, µg l 0.002 0.002 M. aeruginosa 5.60 (35%), Snowella lacustris 0.60 (4%), P.agardhii 0.27 (2%), Limnothrix planctonica 0.20 (1%), Cuspidothrix elenkinii *, Aph. flos-aquae*, Oscillatoria tenuis *, Synechocystis crassa* M. aeruginosa 0.37 (1%), Snowella lacustris*, P.agardhii*, Limnothrix planctonica*, Cuspidothrix elenkinii*, Aph. flos-aquae*
Bio, µg g dw 26 15 9 50
06 Sep Water, µg l 0.003 0.003 0.006 M. aeruginosa 3.60 (61%), M. wesenbergii 1.40 (24%), P. agardhii 0.30 (5%), Snowella lacustris 0.12 (2%), Aph. flos-aquae 0.04 (1%) M. aeruginosa 0.24 (3%), M. wesenbergii 0.09 (1%), P.agardhii *, Snowella lacustris*, Aph. flos-aquae*
Bio, µg g dw 353 1345 2 96 1796
12 Sep Water, µg l 0.004 0.004 NA NA
Bio, µg g dw 262 695 2 116 1075
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