INFORMAZIONI SU QUESTO ARTICOLO
Article Category: Article
Pubblicato online: 25 mar 2020
Pagine: 63 - 86
Ricevuto: 31 mag 2019
Accettato: 22 ott 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ntaxj-2019-0005
Parole chiave
© 2019 Richard Murphy et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Averaged bank data for a -year period for all countries referred to in CRD IV reporting by the banks surveyed for the -year period, 2013–2017, with supporting calculations on the average effective tax rates, average turnover per employee, and average profit per employee by jurisdiction for this period
| Countries | Average turnover €'m | Average profit before tax €'m | Average reported tax €'m | Average full time employees | Average effective tax rate % | Average turnover per employee €'000 | Average profit per employee % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Others | (2,430) | (1,456) | 83 | 12,686 | (5.7%) | (192) | (115) |
| Albania | 131 | 27 | 4 | 1,998 | 16.4% | 66 | 13 |
| Algeria | 318 | 139 | 39 | 3,230 | 28.0% | 99 | 43 |
| Angola | 6 | 1 | 0 | 21 | 14.3% | 299 | 65 |
| Argentina | 3,083 | 1,127 | 390 | 15,493 | 34.7% | 199 | 73 |
| Armenia | 25 | (1) | 2 | 275 | (333.3%) | 92 | (2) |
| Australia | 2,555 | 843 | 295 | 4,743 | 35.0% | 539 | 178 |
| Austria | 6,143 | 935 | 278 | 26,852 | 29.7% | 229 | 35 |
| Bahamas | 55 | 27 | 0 | 57 | 0.0% | 958 | 474 |
| Bahrain | 205 | 37 | 0 | 886 | 0.0% | 231 | 42 |
| Bangladesh | 317 | 198 | 89 | 2,257 | 44.7% | 140 | 88 |
| Belarus | 157 | 86 | 23 | 1,636 | 26.2% | 96 | 53 |
| Belgium | 13,367 | 4,029 | 1,092 | 43,455 | 27.1% | 308 | 93 |
| Benin | 16 | (5) | (2) | 190 | 37.0% | 83 | (28) |
| Bermuda | 247 | 117 | 0 | 466 | 0.0% | 529 | 250 |
| Bolivia | 18 | 4 | 1 | 273 | 25.0% | 65 | 15 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 273 | 82 | 10 | 3,316 | 12.7% | 82 | 25 |
| Botswana | 166 | 37 | 9 | 1,753 | 25.5% | 95 | 21 |
| Brazil | 13,788 | 2,750 | 1,003 | 52,995 | 36.5% | 260 | 52 |
| Brunei | 54 | 7 | 5 | 578 | 77.1% | 94 | 12 |
| Bulgaria | 803 | 278 | 26 | 10,765 | 9.4% | 75 | 26 |
| Burkina Faso | 49 | 14 | 2 | 507 | 15.9% | 97 | 27 |
| Cambodia | 0 | 0 | (0) | 30 | (50.0%) | 7 | 13 |
| Cameroon | 151 | 45 | 17 | 1,159 | 37.8% | 130 | 39 |
| Canada | 1,856 | 563 | 132 | 6,488 | 23.5% | 286 | 87 |
| Cayman Islands | (46) | 53 | (0) | 30 | (0.4%) | (1,547) | 1,780 |
| Chad | 18 | 0 | 1 | 169 | 200.0% | 108 | 2 |
| Channel Islands | 415 | 236 | 16 | 1,000 | 6.8% | 415 | 236 |
| Chile | 2,882 | 1,466 | 286 | 13,977 | 19.5% | 206 | 105 |
| China, P.R.: Mainland | 3,935 | 2,407 | 165 | 29,310 | 6.9% | 134 | 82 |
| China with HK | 163 | 53 | 10 | 400 | 19.6% | 407 | 133 |
| Colombia | 794 | 296 | 120 | 5,808 | 40.6% | 137 | 51 |
| Congo, Republic of | 17 | 5 | 2 | 171 | 43.5% | 102 | 27 |
| Croatia | 1,773 | 336 | 71 | 13,917 | 21.2% | 127 | 24 |
| Curacao | 115 | (24) | 1 | 44 | (4.2%) | 2,621 | (543) |
| Cyprus | 7 | 6 | 1 | 36 | 21.4% | 208 | 157 |
| Czech Republic | 4,621 | 2,226 | 482 | 32,456 | 21.7% | 142 | 69 |
| Denmark | 9,590 | 2,723 | 571 | 18,347 | 21.0% | 523 | 148 |
| Djibouti | 19 | (1) | (0) | 208 | 25.0% | 89 | (4) |
| Ecuador | 2 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 100.0% | 87 | 11 |
| Egypt | 1,097 | 560 | 135 | 11,019 | 24.1% | 100 | 51 |
| Estonia | 629 | 286 | 67 | 3,710 | 23.4% | 170 | 77 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 26 | 10 | 4 | 234 | 43.8% | 111 | 41 |
| Falkland Islands | 2 | 1 | 0 | 17 | 0.0% | 116 | 58 |
| Fiji | 4 | (1) | 0 | 80 | 0.0% | 45 | (13) |
| Finland | 3,423 | 1,396 | 340 | 9,635 | 24.3% | 355 | 145 |
| France | 65,307 | 12,799 | 4,604 | 293,347 | 36.0% | 223 | 44 |
| French Polynesia | 86 | 22 | 13 | 459 | 57.1% | 187 | 49 |
| Gambia | 6 | 1 | 0 | 124 | 50.0% | 47 | 6 |
| Georgia | 484 | (456) | 5 | 1,516 | (1.2%) | 319 | (301) |
| Germany | 48,907 | 8,137 | 1,960 | 165,732 | 24.1% | 295 | 49 |
| Ghana | 300 | 143 | 41 | 2,341 | 28.8% | 128 | 61 |
| Gibraltar | 880 | 337 | 66 | 3,447 | 19.7% | 255 | 98 |
| United Kingdom | 86,649 | 10,139 | 3,830 | 266,560 | 37.8% | 325 | 38 |
| Greece | 90 | (43) | 9 | 453 | (21.9%) | 199 | (95) |
| Guernsey | 212 | 111 | 9 | 430 | 8.3% | 494 | 258 |
| Guinea | 43 | 16 | 6 | 368 | 36.3% | 116 | 44 |
| Hong Kong, China | 18,252 | 8,038 | 960 | 40,796 | 11.9% | 447 | 197 |
| Hungary | 1,855 | 70 | 106 | 14,484 | 150.6% | 128 | 5 |
| India | 4,011 | 1,653 | 728 | 96,003 | 44.0% | 42 | 17 |
| Indonesia | 904 | 190 | 86 | 9,031 | 45.2% | 100 | 21 |
| Iraq | 20 | 16 | 0 | 15 | 2.6% | 1,342 | 1,068 |
| Ireland | 5,466 | 2,742 | 126 | 15,653 | 4.6% | 349 | 175 |
| Isle of Man | 376 | 198 | 14 | 1,113 | 7.1% | 338 | 178 |
| Israel | 76 | 33 | 10 | 192 | 31.3% | 394 | 170 |
| Italy | 40,602 | 117 | 1,057 | 166,016 | 902.0% | 245 | 1 |
| Ivory Coast | 181 | 60 | 12 | 1,586 | 20.7% | 114 | 38 |
| Japan | 2,179 | 740 | 237 | 3,354 | 32.0% | 650 | 221 |
| Jersey | 901 | 504 | 25 | 1,885 | 4.9% | 478 | 267 |
| Jordan | 29 | 8 | 5 | 183 | 58.5% | 160 | 45 |
| Kazakhstan | 18 | 6 | 1 | 153 | 20.7% | 118 | 38 |
| Kenya | 415 | 171 | 58 | 3,986 | 34.0% | 104 | 43 |
| Kosovo | 42 | 16 | 2 | 686 | 10.0% | 61 | 23 |
| Kuwait | 37 | 16 | 0 | 84 | 1.3% | 444 | 188 |
| Laos | 6 | 1 | 0 | 134 | 0.0% | 43 | 7 |
| Latvia | 467 | 185 | 31 | 3,587 | 16.8% | 130 | 52 |
| Lebanon | 32 | 27 | 3 | 172 | 10.9% | 189 | 159 |
| Liechtenstein | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | N/A | 333 | 0 |
| Lithuania | 539 | 228 | 38 | 5,865 | 16.7% | 92 | 39 |
| Luxembourg | 8,823 | 4,571 | 691 | 12,354 | 15.1% | 714 | 370 |
| Macao, China | 75 | 49 | 5 | 191 | 10.7% | 392 | 256 |
| Macedonia, F.Y.R. | 19 | 5 | 0 | 308 | 8.3% | 61 | 16 |
| Madagascar | 66 | 35 | 7 | 980 | 20.3% | 68 | 36 |
| Malaysia | 1,500 | 438 | 99 | 14,934 | 22.6% | 100 | 29 |
| Maldives | 14 | 12 | 4 | 20 | 32.2% | 707 | 596 |
| Mali | 14 | 2 | 1 | 96 | 33.3% | 146 | 19 |
| Malta | 268 | 170 | 23 | 1,111 | 13.7% | 241 | 153 |
| Marshall Islands | (18) | (24) | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | N/A | N/A |
| Mauritius | 407 | 297 | 13 | 1,562 | 4.2% | 260 | 190 |
| Mexico | 10,376 | 3,955 | 1,068 | 60,885 | 27.0% | 170 | 65 |
| Moldova | 22 | 9 | 1 | 579 | 13.3% | 38 | 16 |
| Monaco | 543 | 170 | 33 | 1,369 | 19.7% | 397 | 124 |
| Montenegro | 19 | 6 | 1 | 224 | 13.3% | 86 | 27 |
| Morocco | 784 | 218 | 81 | 8,355 | 36.9% | 94 | 26 |
| Mozambique | 31 | 6 | 0 | 457 | 0.0% | 68 | 13 |
| Namibia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | N/A | 0 | 0 |
| Nepal | 81 | 30 | 5 | 480 | 17.4% | 168 | 62 |
| Netherlands | 27,745 | 4,354 | 1,044 | 67,312 | 24.0% | 412 | 65 |
| New Caledonia | 119 | 54 | 22 | 602 | 41.2% | 197 | 90 |
| New Zealand | 409 | 147 | 38 | 504 | 25.9% | 811 | 292 |
| Nigeria | 144 | 74 | 4 | 734 | 4.9% | 196 | 101 |
| Norway | 5,208 | 2,592 | 860 | 11,495 | 33.2% | 453 | 225 |
| Oman | 148 | 33 | 4 | 884 | 12.7% | 168 | 37 |
| Pakistan | 196 | 104 | 41 | 3,216 | 39.8% | 61 | 32 |
| Panama | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 237.5% | 800 | 400 |
| Paraguay | 63 | 20 | 4 | 374 | 17.6% | 167 | 54 |
| Peru | 924 | 438 | 155 | 4,879 | 35.4% | 189 | 90 |
| Philippines | 306 | 63 | 16 | 6,567 | 25.4% | 47 | 10 |
| Poland | 6,028 | 2,080 | 516 | 65,420 | 24.8% | 92 | 32 |
| Portugal | 1,903 | 599 | 130 | 10,997 | 21.7% | 173 | 54 |
| Puerto Rico | 292 | 30 | 21 | 1,145 | 68.7% | 255 | 26 |
| Qatar | 175 | 79 | 7 | 382 | 9.1% | 458 | 208 |
| Romania | 2,331 | 325 | 40 | 26,050 | 12.3% | 89 | 12 |
| Russia | 3,080 | 1,011 | 234 | 30,263 | 23.2% | 102 | 33 |
| Saint-Martin, France | 2 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0.0% | 313 | 31 |
| Saudi Arabia | 126 | 414 | 6 | 96 | 1.4% | 1,315 | 4,315 |
| Senegal | 106 | 15 | 6 | 1,063 | 39.7% | 100 | 14 |
| Serbia | 693 | 214 | 17 | 8,827 | 7.9% | 79 | 24 |
| Seychelles | 13 | 6 | 2 | 96 | 31.3% | 139 | 66 |
| Sierra Leone | 20 | 9 | 2 | 106 | 17.8% | 189 | 85 |
| Singapore | 6,343 | 1,279 | 177 | 20,005 | 13.8% | 317 | 64 |
| Slovakia | 1,899 | 701 | 158 | 14,909 | 22.6% | 127 | 47 |
| Slovenia | 269 | 65 | 11 | 2,127 | 17.5% | 127 | 31 |
| South Africa | 3,570 | 1,056 | 267 | 29,333 | 25.3% | 122 | 36 |
| Korea, Rep. | 1,608 | (102) | 67 | 5,619 | (65.5%) | 286 | (18) |
| Spain | 22,194 | 411 | 963 | 92,470 | 234.0% | 240 | 4 |
| Sri Lanka | 205 | 109 | 50 | 3,829 | 46.4% | 54 | 28 |
| Sweden | 15,094 | 5,846 | 1,244 | 29,909 | 21.3% | 505 | 195 |
| Switzerland | 2,633 | (550) | 78 | 6,888 | (14.2%) | 382 | (80) |
| Taiwan Province of | 911 | 211 | 31 | 5,809 | 14.8% | 157 | 36 |
| China | |||||||
| Tanzania | 134 | 22 | 6 | 1,864 | 28.7% | 72 | 12 |
| Thailand | 265 | 26 | 17 | 2,182 | 66.2% | 121 | 12 |
| Togo | 2 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 100.0% | 133 | 12 |
| Tunisia | 176 | 51 | 19 | 2,621 | 37.1% | 67 | 20 |
| Turkey | 4,490 | 1,558 | 305 | 34,787 | 19.6% | 129 | 45 |
| United Arab Emirates | 2,211 | 515 | 106 | 6,023 | 20.7% | 367 | 85 |
| Uganda | 98 | 30 | 3 | 883 | 10.6% | 111 | 34 |
| Ukraine | 472 | (294) | 14 | 21,468 | (4.6%) | 22 | (14) |
| Uruguay | 443 | 137 | 39 | 1,931 | 28.7% | 229 | 71 |
| United States | 41,817 | 5,093 | 1,637 | 84,586 | 32.1% | 494 | 60 |
| Vanuatu | 9 | 3 | 0 | 97 | 6.7% | 93 | 31 |
| Venezuela | 333 | 100 | 72 | 3,945 | 72.1% | 84 | 25 |
| Vietnam | 242 | 69 | 15 | 2,198 | 21.2% | 110 | 31 |
| British Virgin Islands | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | N/A | N/A |
| Zambia | 148 | 58 | 18 | 1,472 | 31.2% | 101 | 40 |
| Zimbabwe | 75 | 16 | 6 | 888 | 37.8% | 84 | 18 |
| Total above | 528,909 | 107,168 | 30,327 | 2,153,242 | 28.3% | 246 | 50 |
Banks in the data with a ranking according to the largest banks in Europe by total assets in 2017
| Banks | Ranking | Banks | Ranking |
|---|---|---|---|
| HSBC Holdings plc | 1 | ABN AMRO Group NV | 26 |
| BNP Paribas SA | 2 | KBC Group NV | 28 |
| Crédit Agricole Group | 3 | Svenska Handelsbanken AB | 29 |
| Deutsche Bank AG | 4 | DNB ASA | 30 |
| Banco Santander SA | 5 | Nationwide Building Society | 31 |
| Barclays Plc | 6 | Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB | 32 |
| Société Générale SA | 7 | Landesbank Baden-Wuerttemberg | 33 |
| Groupe BPCE | 8 | Swedbank AB | 35 |
| Lloyds Banking Group Plc | 9 | Banco de Sabadell SA | 36 |
| ING Groep NV | 10 | Bankia SA | 37 |
| UniCredit SpA | 11 | Erste Group Bank AG | 38 |
| Royal Bank of Scotland Group Plc | 12 | Bayerische Landesbank | 39 |
| Intesa Sanpaolo SpA | 13 | Dexia SA | 43 |
| Crédit Mutuel Group | 14 | Belfius Banque SA | 44 |
| UBS Group AG | 15 | Norddeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale | 45 |
| Credit Suisse Group AG | 16 | Landesbank Hessen-Thueringen Girozentrale | 47 |
| Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria SA | 17 | Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena SpA | 49 |
| Rabobank | 18 | Allied Irish Banks Plc | >50 |
| Nordea Bank AB | 19 | Banco Popular Espanol SA | >50 |
| Standard Chartered Plc | 20 | DekaBank | >50 |
| DZ Bank AG | 21 | KfW | >50 |
| Danske Bank A/S | 22 | NIBC Bank NV | >50 |
| Commerzbank AG | 23 | RaIffeisen Bank International AG | >50 |
Comparisons of headline and effective tax rates
| Country | Headline tax rates | Effective tax rates | Differences | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CT rate per OECD % | CT rate per KPMG etc. % | CT rate per P -ky % | CT rate used % | ETR per OECD % | ETR per CRD IV Data % | ETR per P Janský% | Headline TR used and ETR per OECD % | ETR per OECD and CRD IV % | |
| Albania | 15.00 | 15.0 | 14.5 | 16.4 | 0.5 | (1.9) | |||
| Andorra | 10.0 | 10.00 | 10.0 | 8.8 | 1.2 | ||||
| Argentina | 30.0 | 30.00 | 30.0 | 35.7 | 34.7 | (5.7) | 1.0 | ||
| Botswana | 22.0 | 22.00 | 22.0 | 27.3 | 25.5 | (5.3) | 1.8 | ||
| Brazil | 34.0 | 34.00 | 34.0 | 29.9 | 36.5 | 4.1 | (6.6) | ||
| British Virgin Islands | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
| Bulgaria | 10.0 | 10.00 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 9.1 | 9.4 | 10.0 | 0.9 | (0.3) |
| Cayman Islands | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.4 | 0.0 | 0.4 | ||
| China (People's Republic of) | 25.0 | 25.00 | 25.0 | 23.6 | 6.9 | 1.4 | 16.7 | ||
| Croatia | 18.0 | 20.00 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 15.6 | 21.2 | 15.0 | 4.4 | (5.6) |
| Curacao | 22.0 | 22.00 | 22.0 | 20.5 | −4.2 | 1.5 | 24.7 | ||
| Cyprus | 12.50 | 12.0 | 12.5 | 11.9 | 21.4 | 10.0 | 0.6 | (9.5) | |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | 35.0 | 35.00 | 35.0 | 31.6 | 43.5 | 3.4 | (11.9) | ||
| Guernsey | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 8.3 | 0.0 | (8.3) | ||
| Hong Kong, China | 16.5 | 16.50 | 16.5 | 15.2 | 11.9 | 1.3 | 3.3 | ||
| India | 48.3 | 34.61 | 34.6 | 44.1 | 44.0 | (9.5) | 0.1 | ||
| Indonesia | 25.0 | 25.00 | 25.0 | 22.4 | 45.2 | 2.6 | (22.8) | ||
| Isle of Man | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7.1 | 0.0 | (7.1) | ||
| Jamaica | 25.0 | 25.0 | 23.3 | 1.7 | |||||
| Jersey | 0.0 | 20.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.9 | 0.0 | (4.9) | ||
| Kenya | 30.0 | 30.00 | 30.0 | 26.8 | 34.0 | 3.2 | (7.2) | ||
| Liechtenstein | 12.5 | 12.50 | 12.5 | 10.1 | 0.0 | 2.4 | 10.1 | ||
| Macau, China | 12.0 | 12.00 | 12.0 | 11.5 | 10.7 | 0.5 | 0.8 | ||
| Malta | 35.0 | 35.00 | 35.0 | 35.0 | 33.3 | 13.7 | 16.0 | 1.7 | 19.6 |
| Mauritius | 15.0 | 15.00 | 15.0 | 14.0 | 4.2 | 1.0 | 9.8 | ||
| Montserrat | 30.0 | 30.0 | 30.4 | (0.4) | |||||
| Peru | 29.5 | 29.50 | 29.5 | 28.1 | 35.4 | 1.4 | (7.3) | ||
| Romania | 16.0 | 16.00 | 16.0 | 16.0 | 14.5 | 12.3 | 17.0 | 1.5 | 2.2 |
| Russia | 20.0 | 20.00 | 20.0 | 18.8 | 23.2 | 1.2 | (4.4) | ||
| Saudi Arabia | 0.0 | 20.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.0 | (1.4) | ||
| Senegal | 30.0 | 30.00 | 30.0 | 27.6 | 39.7 | 2.4 | (12.1) | ||
| Seychelles | 30.0 | 30.0 | 28.3 | 31.3 | 1.7 | (3.0) | |||
| Singapore | 17.0 | 17.00 | 17.0 | 16.2 | 13.8 | 0.8 | 2.4 | ||
| South Africa | 28.0 | 28.00 | 28.0 | 27.1 | 25.3 | 0.9 | 1.8 | ||
| Thailand | 20.0 | 20.00 | 20.0 | 21.6 | 66.2 | (1.6) | (44.6) | ||
| Turks and Caicos Islands | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||
| Australia | 30.0 | 30.00 | 30.0 | 31.4 | 35.0 | (1.4) | (3.6) | ||
| Austria | 25.0 | 25.00 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 23.7 | 9.5 | 13.0 | 1.3 | 14.2 |
| Belgium | 29.6 | 29.00 | 34.0 | 29.6 | 26.0 | 27.1 | 14.0 | 3.6 | (1.1) |
| Canada | 26.8 | 26.50 | 26.8 | 24.7 | 23.5 | 2.1 | 1.2 | ||
| Chile | 25.0 | 26.00 | 25.0 | 31.8 | 19.5 | (6.8) | 12.3 | ||
| Czech Republic | 19.0 | 19.00 | 19.0 | 19.0 | 20.6 | 21.7 | 15.0 | (1.6) | (1.1) |
| Denmark | 22.0 | 22.00 | 24.0 | 22.0 | 19.5 | 21.0 | 19.0 | 2.5 | (1.5) |
| Estonia | 20.0 | 20.00 | 21.0 | 20.0 | 17.0 | 23.4 | 14.0 | 3.0 | (6.4) |
| Finland | 20.0 | 20.00 | 23.0 | 20.0 | 19.0 | 24.3 | 12.0 | 1.0 | (5.3) |
| France | 34.4 | 33.00 | 33.0 | 33.0 | 33.0 | 36.0 | 17.0 | 0.0 | (3.0) |
| Germany | 29.8 | 30.00 | 30.0 | 29.8 | 27.3 | 24.1 | 20.0 | 2.5 | 3.2 |
| Greece | 29.0 | 29.00 | 24.0 | 29.0 | 27.6 | −21.9 | 28.0 | 1.4 | 49.5 |
| Hungary | 9.0 | 9.00 | 19.0 | 9.0 | 9.9 | 150.6 | 8.0 | (0.9) | (140.7) |
| Iceland | 20.0 | 20.00 | 20.0 | 18.8 | 1.2 | ||||
| Ireland | 12.5 | 12.50 | 13.0 | 12.5 | 11.8 | 4.6 | 16.0 | 0.7 | 7.2 |
| Israel | 23.0 | 23.00 | 23.0 | 22.9 | 31.3 | 0.1 | (8.4) | ||
| Italy | 27.8 | 24.00 | 31.0 | 24.0 | 22.1 | 902.0 | 30.0 | 1.9 | (879.9) |
| Japan | 29.7 | 30.86 | 29.7 | 27.5 | 32.0 | 2.2 | (4.5) | ||
| Korea | 27.5 | 25.00 | 25.0 | 23.2 | −65.5 | 1.8 | 88.7 | ||
| Latvia | 20.0 | 20.00 | 15.0 | 20.0 | 13.5 | 16.8 | 11.0 | 6.5 | (3.3) |
| Lithuania | 15.0 | 15.00 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 13.3 | 16.7 | 12.0 | 1.7 | (3.4) |
| Luxembourg | 26.0 | 26.01 | 29.0 | 26.0 | 24.5 | 15.1 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 9.4 |
| Mexico | 30.0 | 30.00 | 30.0 | 27.4 | 27.0 | 2.6 | 0.4 | ||
| Netherlands | 25.0 | 25.00 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 23.0 | 24.0 | 10.0 | 2.0 | (1.0) |
| New Zealand | 28.0 | 28.00 | 28.0 | 26.8 | 25.9 | 1.2 | 0.9 | ||
| Norway | 23.0 | 23.00 | 23.0 | 23.1 | 33.2 | (0.1) | (10.1) | ||
| Poland | 19.0 | 19.00 | 19.0 | 19.0 | 17.6 | 24.8 | 17.0 | 1.4 | (7.2) |
| Portugal | 31.5 | 21.00 | 24.0 | 31.5 | 27.5 | 21.7 | 18.0 | 4.0 | 5.8 |
| Slovak Republic | 21.0 | 21.00 | 21.0 | 21.0 | 21.8 | 22.6 | 20.0 | (0.8) | (0.8) |
| Slovenia | 19.0 | 19.00 | 18.0 | 19.0 | 17.9 | 17.5 | 14.0 | 1.1 | 0.4 |
| Spain | 25.0 | 25.00 | 30.0 | 25.0 | 24.8 | 234.0 | 22.0 | 0.2 | (209.2) |
| Sweden | 22.0 | 22.00 | 24.0 | 22.0 | 19.8 | 21.3 | 13.0 | 2.2 | (1.5) |
| Switzerland | 21.1 | 18.00 | 21.1 | 19.5 | −14.2 | 1.6 | 33.7 | ||
| Turkey | 22.0 | 22.00 | 22.0 | 20.2 | 19.6 | 1.8 | 0.6 | ||
| United Kingdom | 19.0 | 19.00 | 23.0 | 19.0 | 19.0 | 37.8 | 15.0 | 0.0 | (18.8) |
| United States | 25.8 | 27.00 | 25.8 | 34.2 | 32.1 | (8.4) | 2.1 | ||
Nordic and UK Banks: case study comparing accounting and CRD IV data
| Banks | Year | Source | Turnover €m | Profit before tax €m | Tax paid per profit and loss account €m | Tax paid per cash flow €m | Full-time employees |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Danske Bank A/S | 2013 | CRD IV | - | - | - | - | - |
| Danske Bank A/S | 2014 | CRD IV | 11,548 | 1,068 | 537 | 537 | 18,603 |
| Danske Bank A/S | 2015 | CRD IV | 10,794 | 2,381 | 620 | 620 | 19,049 |
| Danske Bank A/S | 2016 | CRD IV | 10,665 | 3,405 | 738 | 738 | 19,303 |
| Danske Bank A/S | 2017 | CRD IV | 10,244 | 3,533 | 725 | 725 | 19,769 |
| Danske Bank A/S | Aggregate | CRD IV | 43,251 | 10,387 | 2,620 | 2,620 | 76,724 |
| Danske Bank A/S | 2013 | Accounts | |||||
| Danske Bank A/S | 2014 | Accounts | 6,081 | 1,069 | 539 | 549 | 18,603 |
| Danske Bank A/S | 2015 | Accounts | 6,115 | 2,381 | 622 | 633 | 19,049 |
| Danske Bank A/S | 2016 | Accounts | 6,442 | 3,406 | 739 | 666 | 19,303 |
| Danske Bank A/S | 2017 | Accounts | 6,473 | 3,534 | 724 | 737 | 19,768 |
| Danske Bank A/S | Aggregate | Accounts | 25,110 | 10,390 | 2,624 | 2,585 | 76,723 |
| Danske Bank A/S | 2013 | Difference | - | - | - | - | - |
| Danske Bank A/S | 2014 | Difference | 5,467 | −1 | −2 | −12 | - |
| Danske Bank A/S | 2015 | Difference | 4,679 | −0 | −2 | −13 | - |
| Danske Bank A/S | 2016 | Difference | 4,223 | −1 | −1 | 72 | - |
| Danske Bank A/S | 2017 | Difference | 3,771 | −1 | 1 | −12 | 1 |
| Danske Bank A/S | Aggregate | Difference | 18,141 | −3 | −4 | 35 | 1 |
| DNB ASA | 2013 | CRD IV | - | - | - | - | - |
| DNB ASA | 2014 | CRD IV | - | - | 776 | 776 | - |
| DNB ASA | 2015 | CRD IV | - | - | 802 | 802 | 12,443 |
| DNB ASA | 2016 | CRD IV | - | - | 458 | 458 | 11,992 |
| DNB ASA | 2017 | CRD IV | 5,535 | 2,877 | 542 | 542 | 9,561 |
| DNB ASA | Aggregate | CRD IV | 5,535 | 2,877 | 2,578 | 2,578 | 33,996 |
| DNB ASA | 2013 | Accounts | |||||
| DNB ASA | 2014 | Accounts | 774 | 359 | |||
| DNB ASA | 2015 | Accounts | 789 | 288 | 11,840 | ||
| DNB ASA | 2016 | Accounts | 446 | 314 | 11,459 | ||
| DNB ASA | 2017 | Accounts | 5,487 | 2,882 | 542 | 1,156 | 9,561 |
| DNB ASA | Aggregate | Accounts | 5,487 | 2,882 | 2,551 | 2,117 | 32,860 |
| DNB ASA | 2013 | Difference | - | - | - | - | - |
| DNB ASA | 2014 | Difference | - | - | 2 | 417 | - |
| DNB ASA | 2015 | Difference | - | - | 13 | 514 | 603 |
| DNB ASA | 2016 | Difference | - | - | 12 | 144 | 533 |
| DNB ASA | 2017 | Difference | 48 | −5 | −0 | −614 | - |
| DNB ASA | Aggregate | Difference | 48 | −5 | 27 | 461 | 1,136 |
| Nordea Bank AB | 2013 | CRD IV | 10,217 | 3,994 | 976 | 976 | 29,107 |
| Nordea Bank AB | 2014 | CRD IV | 10,241 | 4,307 | 950 | 950 | 29,814 |
| Nordea Bank AB | 2015 | CRD IV | 10,141 | 4,704 | 1,042 | 1,042 | 29,681 |
| Nordea Bank AB | 2016 | CRD IV | 9,927 | 4,625 | 859 | 859 | 30,873 |
| Nordea Bank AB | 2017 | CRD IV | 9,469 | 3,998 | 950 | 950 | 31,437 |
| Nordea Bank AB | Aggregate | CRD IV | 49,995 | 21,628 | 4,777 | 4,777 | 150,912 |
| Nordea Bank AB | 2013 | Accounts | 9,891 | 4,116 | 1,009 | 1,010 | 29,429 |
| Nordea Bank AB | 2014 | Accounts | 10,241 | 4,307 | 950 | 966 | 29,643 |
| Nordea Bank AB | 2015 | Accounts | 10,140 | 4,704 | 1,042 | 1,056 | 29,815 |
| Nordea Bank AB | 2016 | Accounts | 9,927 | 4,625 | 859 | 952 | 31,596 |
| Nordea Bank AB | 2017 | Accounts | 9,469 | 3,998 | 950 | 950 | 30,399 |
| Nordea Bank AB | Aggregate | Accounts | 49,668 | 21,750 | 4,810 | 4,934 | 150,882 |
| Nordea Bank AB | 2013 | Difference | 326 | −122 | −33 | −34 | −322 |
| Nordea Bank AB | 2014 | Difference | - | - | - | −16 | 171 |
| Nordea Bank AB | 2015 | Difference | 1 | - | - | −14 | −134 |
| Nordea Bank AB | 2016 | Difference | - | - | - | −93 | −723 |
| Nordea Bank AB | 2017 | Difference | - | - | - | - | 1,038 |
| Nordea Bank AB | Aggregate | Difference | 327 | −122 | −33 | −157 | 30 |
| Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB | 2013 | CRD IV | 9,720 | 2,094 | 385 | 385 | 17,096 |
| Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB | 2014 | CRD IV | 9,123 | 2,557 | 457 | 457 | 16,702 |
| Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB | 2015 | CRD IV | 8,117 | 2,230 | 460 | 460 | 16,599 |
| Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB | 2016 | CRD IV | 7,630 | 1,572 | 448 | 448 | 16,260 |
| Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB | 2017 | CRD IV | 7,662 | 2,161 | 473 | 473 | 15,949 |
| Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB | Aggregate | CRD IV | 42,252 | 10,614 | 2,223 | 2,223 | 82,606 |
| Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB | 2013 | Accounts | 4,749 | 2,095 | 386 | 150 | 17,096 |
| Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB | 2014 | Accounts | 4,786 | 2,568 | 454 | 318 | 16,742 |
| Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB | 2015 | Accounts | 4,775 | 2,230 | 458 | 180 | 16,599 |
| Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB | 2016 | Accounts | 4,572 | 1,571 | 449 | 373 | 16,260 |
| Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB | 2017 | Accounts | 4,679 | 2,160 | 474 | 244 | 15,946 |
| Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB | Aggregate | Accounts | 23,560 | 10,626 | 2,221 | 1,266 | 82,643 |
| Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB | 2013 | Difference | 4,971 | −1 | −1 | 235 | - |
| Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB | 2014 | Difference | 4,337 | −11 | 3 | 139 | −40 |
| Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB | 2015 | Difference | 3,342 | −0 | 2 | 280 | - |
| Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB | 2016 | Difference | 3,058 | 1 | −1 | 75 | - |
| Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB | 2017 | Difference | 2,983 | 1 | −1 | 229 | 3 |
| Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB | Aggregate | Difference | 18,692 | −12 | 2 | 957 | −37 |
| Svenska Handelsbanken AB | 2013 | CRD IV | 4,200 | 2,092 | 453 | 453 | - |
| Svenska Handelsbanken AB | 2014 | CRD IV | 4,215 | 2,113 | 447 | 447 | 11,585 |
| Svenska Handelsbanken AB | 2015 | CRD IV | 4,312 | 2,187 | 457 | 457 | 11,821 |
| Svenska Handelsbanken AB | 2016 | CRD IV | 4,309 | 2,184 | 402 | 402 | 11,759 |
| Svenska Handelsbanken AB | 2017 | CRD IV | 4,325 | 2,182 | 547 | 547 | 11,832 |
| Svenska Handelsbanken AB | Aggregate | CRD IV | 21,361 | 10,758 | 2,306 | 2,306 | 46,997 |
| Svenska Handelsbanken AB | 2013 | Accounts | 4,199 | 2,091 | 453 | 575 | - |
| Svenska Handelsbanken AB | 2014 | Accounts | 3,868 | 1,928 | 421 | 430 | 11,692 |
| Svenska Handelsbanken AB | 2015 | Accounts | 4,062 | 2,140 | 446 | 451 | 11,819 |
| Svenska Handelsbanken AB | 2016 | Accounts | 4,309 | 2,181 | 465 | 586 | 11,759 |
| Svenska Handelsbanken AB | 2017 | Accounts | 4,326 | 2,183 | 511 | 594 | 11,832 |
| Svenska Handelsbanken AB | Aggregate | Accounts | 20,764 | 10,522 | 2,296 | 2,636 | 47,102 |
| Svenska Handelsbanken AB | 2013 | Difference | 1 | 1 | 0 | −122 | - |
| Svenska Handelsbanken AB | 2014 | Difference | 347 | 185 | 26 | 17 | −107 |
| Svenska Handelsbanken AB | 2015 | Difference | 250 | 47 | 11 | 6 | 2 |
| Svenska Handelsbanken AB | 2016 | Difference | 0 | 3 | −63 | −184 | - |
| Svenska Handelsbanken AB | 2017 | Difference | −1 | −1 | 36 | −47 | - |
| Svenska Handelsbanken AB | Aggregate | Difference | 597 | 236 | 10 | −330 | −105 |
| Swedbank AB | 2013 | CRD IV | 4,317 | 2,238 | 474 | 474 | 14,265 |
| Swedbank AB | 2014 | CRD IV | 4,376 | 2,484 | 474 | 474 | 14,583 |
| Swedbank AB | 2015 | CRD IV | 4,053 | 2,174 | 495 | 495 | 13,893 |
| Swedbank AB | 2016 | CRD IV | 4,469 | 2,510 | 446 | 446 | 14,009 |
| Swedbank AB | 2017 | CRD IV | 4,496 | 2,548 | 537 | 537 | 14,588 |
| Swedbank AB | Aggregate | CRD IV | 21,711 | 11,954 | 2,426 | 2,426 | 71,338 |
| Swedbank AB | 2013 | Accounts | 4,223 | 2,237 | 474 | 342 | 14,265 |
| Swedbank AB | 2014 | Accounts | 4,270 | 2,313 | 473 | 604 | 14,583 |
| Swedbank AB | 2015 | Accounts | 3,967 | 2,178 | 494 | 498 | 13,893 |
| Swedbank AB | 2016 | Accounts | 4,315 | 2,512 | 445 | 379 | 14,061 |
| Swedbank AB | 2017 | Accounts | 4,405 | 2,548 | 538 | 386 | 14,588 |
| Swedbank AB | Aggregate | Accounts | 21,181 | 11,787 | 2,424 | 2,209 | 71,390 |
| Swedbank AB | 2013 | Difference | 94 | 1 | 0 | 132 | 0 |
| Swedbank AB | 2014 | Difference | 106 | 171 | 1 | (130) | 0 |
| Swedbank AB | 2015 | Difference | 86 | (4) | 1 | (3) | 0 |
| Swedbank AB | 2016 | Difference | 154 | (2) | 1 | 67 | (52) |
| Swedbank AB | 2017 | Difference | 91 | 0 | (1) | 151 | 0 |
| Swedbank AB | Aggregate | Difference | 530 | 167 | 2 | 217 | (52) |
| Barclays plc | 2013 | CRD IV | 42,929 | 10,718 | 8,888 | 8,888 | 140,282 |
| Barclays plc | 2014 | CRD IV | 38,429 | 6,873 | 1,272 | 1,272 | 135,336 |
| Barclays plc | 2015 | CRD IV | 40,505 | 4,992 | 1,615 | 1,615 | 130,900 |
| Barclays plc | 2016 | CRD IV | 37,076 | 8,809 | 859 | 859 | 122,947 |
| Barclays plc | 2017 | CRD IV | 29,599 | 6,306 | 487 | 487 | 97,418 |
| Barclays plc | Aggregate | CRD IV | 188,538 | 37,698 | 13,121 | 13,121 | 626,883 |
| Barclays plc | 2013 | Accounts | 29,282 | 3,378 | 2,536 | 1,835 | 139,600 |
| Barclays plc | 2014 | Accounts | 28,694 | 2,800 | 1,740 | 1,926 | 132,300 |
| Barclays plc | 2015 | Accounts | 32,167 | 2,857 | 2,368 | 2,302 | 129,400 |
| Barclays plc | 2016 | Accounts | 26,254 | 3,953 | 655 | 955 | 119,300 |
| Barclays plc | 2017 | Accounts | 24,054 | 4,041 | 939 | 808 | 79,900 |
| Barclays plc | Aggregate | Accounts | 140,452 | 17,029 | 8,237 | 7,825 | 600,500 |
| Barclays plc | 2013 | Difference | 13,647 | 7,340 | 6,352 | 7,053 | 682 |
| Barclays plc | 2014 | Difference | 9,735 | 4,073 | −468 | −654 | 3,036 |
| Barclays plc | 2015 | Difference | 8,338 | 2,135 | −753 | −687 | 1,500 |
| Barclays plc | 2016 | Difference | 10,822 | 4,856 | 204 | −96 | 3,647 |
| Barclays plc | 2017 | Difference | 5,545 | 2,265 | −452 | −321 | 17,518 |
| Barclays plc | Aggregate | Difference | 48,086 | 20,669 | 4,884 | 5,296 | 26,383 |
| Lloyds Banking Group | 2013 | CRD IV | - | - | - | - | - |
| Lloyds Banking Group | 2014 | CRD IV | 20,352 | 2,187 | 40 | 40 | 89,074 |
| Lloyds Banking Group | 2015 | CRD IV | 24,009 | 2,266 | 247 | 247 | 82,200 |
| Lloyds Banking Group | 2016 | CRD IV | 21,134 | 5,187 | 1,007 | 1,007 | 72,870 |
| Lloyds Banking Group | 2017 | CRD IV | 21,295 | 6,021 | 1,172 | 1,172 | 69,556 |
| Lloyds Banking Group | Aggregate | CRD IV | 86,790 | 15,661 | 2,466 | 2,466 | 313,700 |
| Lloyds Banking Group | 2013 | Accounts | - | - | - | - | - |
| Lloyds Banking Group | 2014 | Accounts | 20,353 | 2,187 | −19 | 41 | 90,844 |
| Lloyds Banking Group | 2015 | Accounts | 24,010 | 2,266 | 788 | 247 | 89,300 |
| Lloyds Banking Group | 2016 | Accounts | 21,133 | 5,187 | 1,067 | 1,006 | 71,888 |
| Lloyds Banking Group | 2017 | Accounts | 21,296 | 6,020 | 1,427 | 1,173 | 69,726 |
| Lloyds Banking Group | Aggregate | Accounts | 86,791 | 15,660 | 3,264 | 2,467 | 321,758 |
| Lloyds Banking Group | 2013 | Difference | - | - | - | - | - |
| Lloyds Banking Group | 2014 | Difference | −1 | 0 | 59 | −1 | −1,770 |
| Lloyds Banking Group | 2015 | Difference | −1 | 0 | −541 | 0 | −7,100 |
| Lloyds Banking Group | 2016 | Difference | 1 | 0 | −60 | 1 | 982 |
| Lloyds Banking Group | 2017 | Difference | −1 | 1 | −255 | −1 | −170 |
| Lloyds Banking Group | Aggregate | Difference | −1 | 1 | −798 | −1 | −8,058 |
| Royal Bank of Scotland | 2013 | CRD IV | - | - | - | - | - |
| Royal Bank of Scotland | 2014 | CRD IV | 18,804 | 3,281 | 220 | 220 | 94,640 |
| Royal Bank of Scotland | 2015 | CRD IV | 17,810 | −3,725 | 73 | 73 | 91,839 |
| Royal Bank of Scotland | 2016 | CRD IV | 15,409 | −4,996 | 167 | 167 | 85,533 |
| Royal Bank of Scotland | 2017 | CRD IV | 14,999 | 2,567 | 606 | 606 | 73,980 |
| Royal Bank of Scotland | Aggregate | CRD IV | 67,022 | −2,873 | 1,066 | 1,066 | 345,992 |
| Royal Bank of Scotland | 2013 | Accounts | - | - | - | - | - |
| Royal Bank of Scotland | 2014 | Accounts | 18,803 | 3,280 | 514 | 218 | 95,600 |
| Royal Bank of Scotland | 2015 | Accounts | 17,810 | −3,725 | 40 | 101 | 93,659 |
| Royal Bank of Scotland | 2016 | Accounts | 15,409 | −4,996 | 1,150 | 209 | 77,900 |
| Royal Bank of Scotland | 2017 | Accounts | 14,989 | 2,555 | 903 | 593 | 71,200 |
| Royal Bank of Scotland | Aggregate | Accounts | 67,011 | −2,886 | 2,607 | 1,122 | 338,359 |
| Royal Bank of Scotland | 2013 | Difference | - | - | - | - | - |
| Royal Bank of Scotland | 2014 | Difference | 1 | 1 | −294 | 2 | −960 |
| Royal Bank of Scotland | 2015 | Difference | −0 | 0 | 33 | −28 | −1,820 |
| Royal Bank of Scotland | 2016 | Difference | 0 | −0 | −983 | −42 | 7,633 |
| Royal Bank of Scotland | 2017 | Difference | 10 | 12 | −297 | 13 | 2,780 |
| Royal Bank of Scotla | Aggregate | Difference | 11 | 13 | −1,541 | −56 | 7,633 |
| HSBC Holdings plc | 2013 | CRD IV | 51,691 | - | - | - | 258,692 |
| HSBC Holdings plc | 2014 | CRD IV | 46,179 | 14,086 | 2,699 | 2,699 | 256,286 |
| HSBC Holdings plc | 2015 | CRD IV | 53,917 | 17,008 | 3,034 | 3,034 | 258,954 |
| HSBC Holdings plc | 2016 | CRD IV | 56,932 | 13,843 | 2,934 | 2,934 | 245,526 |
| HSBC Holdings plc | 2017 | CRD IV | 60,285 | 14,680 | 2,371 | 2,371 | 233,126 |
| HSBC Holdings plc | Aggregate | CRD IV | 269,004 | 59,617 | 11,038 | 11,038 | 1,252,584 |
| HSBC Holdings plc | 2013 | Accounts | 44,285 | - | - | - | 268,795 |
| HSBC Holdings plc | 2014 | Accounts | 43,272 | 14,083 | 2,978 | 2,694 | 264,767 |
| HSBC Holdings plc | 2015 | Accounts | 50,561 | 17,010 | 3,423 | 3,473 | 268,433 |
| HSBC Holdings plc | 2016 | Accounts | 40,283 | 6,429 | 3,316 | 2,950 | 246,933 |
| HSBC Holdings plc | 2017 | Accounts | 44,063 | 15,227 | 3,782 | 2,816 | 244,788 |
| HSBC Holdings plc | Aggregate | Accounts | 222,463 | 52,749 | 13,500 | 11,933 | 1,293,716 |
| HSBC Holdings plc | 2013 | Difference | 7,406 | - | - | - | −10,103 |
| HSBC Holdings plc | 2014 | Difference | 2,907 | 3 | −279 | 5 | −8,481 |
| HSBC Holdings plc | 2015 | Difference | 3,356 | −2 | −389 | −439 | −9,479 |
| HSBC Holdings plc | 2016 | Difference | 16,649 | 7,414 | −382 | −16 | −1,407 |
| HSBC Holdings plc | 2017 | Difference | 16,222 | −547 | −1,411 | −445 | −11,662 |
| HSBC Holdings plc | Aggregate | Difference | 46,541 | 6,868 | −2,462 | −895 | −41,132 |
| Standard Chartered | 2013 | CRD IV | 13,836 | 5,785 | 1,181 | 1,181 | 88,257 |
| Standard Chartered | 2014 | CRD IV | 6,128 | 2,175 | - | - | - |
| Standard Chartered | 2015 | CRD IV | 15,750 | −902 | 1,014 | 1,014 | 87,318 |
| Standard Chartered | 2016 | CRD IV | 13,782 | 1,216 | 1,032 | 1,032 | 84,916 |
| Standard Chartered | 2017 | CRD IV | 13,681 | 3,063 | 726 | 726 | 86,794 |
| Standard Chartered | Aggregate | CRD IV | 63,177 | 11,337 | 3,953 | 3,953 | 347,285 |
| Standard Chartered | 2013 | Accounts | 14,143 | 4,567 | 1,268 | 1,292 | 86,640 |
| Standard Chartered | 2014 | Accounts | 13,809 | 3,190 | - | - | - |
| Standard Chartered | 2015 | Accounts | 11,516 | −1,147 | 882 | 968 | 84,076 |
| Standard Chartered | 2016 | Accounts | 10,590 | 308 | 607 | 969 | 86,693 |
| Standard Chartered | 2017 | Accounts | 10,865 | 1,819 | 727 | 689 | 86,794 |
| Standard Chartered | Aggregate | Accounts | 60,923 | 8,737 | 3,484 | 3,919 | 344,203 |
| Standard Chartered | 2013 | Difference | −307 | 1,218 | −87 | −111 | 1,617 |
| Standard Chartered | 2014 | Difference | −7,681 | −1,015 | - | - | - |
| Standard Chartered | 2015 | Difference | 4,234 | 245 | 132 | 46 | 3,242 |
| Standard Chartered | 2016 | Difference | 3,192 | 908 | 425 | 63 | −1,777 |
| Standard Chartered | 2017 | Difference | 2,816 | 1,244 | −1 | 37 | - |
| Standard Chartered | Aggregate | Difference | 2,254 | 2,600 | 469 | 34 | 3,082 |
| Nationwide | 2013 | CRD IV | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Nationwide | 2014 | CRD IV | 3,766 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15,732 |
| Nationwide | 2015 | CRD IV | 4,331 | 1,439 | 227 | 227 | 16,200 |
| Nationwide | 2016 | CRD IV | 4,178 | 1,617 | 310 | 310 | 16,625 |
| Nationwide | 2017 | CRD IV | 3,855 | 1,234 | 339 | 339 | 17,295 |
| Nationwide | Aggregate | CRD IV | 16,130 | 4,290 | 876 | 876 | 65,852 |
| Nationwide | 2013 | Accounts | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Nationwide | 2014 | Accounts | 3,530 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17,268 |
| Nationwide | 2015 | Accounts | 4,332 | 1,439 | 266 | 227 | 17,622 |
| Nationwide | 2016 | Accounts | 4,127 | 1,565 | 394 | 311 | 18,109 |
| Nationwide | 2017 | Accounts | 3,824 | 1,203 | 339 | 339 | 18,761 |
| Nationwide | Aggregate | Accounts | 15,813 | 4,207 | 999 | 877 | 71,760 |
| Nationwide | 2013 | Difference | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Nationwide | 2014 | Difference | 236 | 0 | 0 | 0 | (1,536) |
| Nationwide | 2015 | Difference | (1) | 0 | (39) | (0) | (1,422) |
| Nationwide | 2016 | Difference | 51 | 52 | (84) | (1) | (1,484) |
| Nationwide | 2017 | Difference | 31 | 31 | 0 | 0 | (1,466) |
| Nationwide | Aggregate | Difference | 317 | 83 | (123) | (1) | (5,908) |
Tax gaps by countries for all jurisdictions and the EU member statesAuthors’ calculations as noted in text
| Names | Countries | Average profit misallocation €'m | Tax rate used for main estimate % | Average total tax cost €'m | Average total tax gain €'m | Average EU tax cost €'m | Average EU tax gain €'m |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All banks | Italy | (8,127.6) | 27.8 | (2,259.5) | 0.0 | (2,438.3) | 0.0 |
| All banks | Spain | (4,138.2) | 25.0 | (1,034.5) | 0.0 | (910.4) | 0.0 |
| All banks | United Kingdom | (5,273.0) | 19.0 | (1,001.9) | 0.0 | (790.9) | 0.0 |
| All banks | India | (1,142.4) | 48.3 | (551.8) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | France | (1,117.1) | 34.4 | (384.3) | 0.0 | (189.9) | 0.0 |
| All banks | Other | (1,525.1) | 24.0 | (366.6) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | United States | (1,248.8) | 25.8 | (322.2) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Germany | (941.8) | 29.8 | (280.7) | 0.0 | (188.4) | 0.0 |
| All banks | Switzerland | (988.4) | 21.1 | (208.5) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Ukraine | (876.3) | 18.0 | (157.7) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Korea, Rep. | (404.7) | 27.5 | (111.3) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Romania | (559.6) | 16.0 | (89.5) | 0.0 | (95.1) | 0.0 |
| All banks | Austria | (355.1) | 25.0 | (88.8) | 0.0 | (46.2) | 0.0 |
| All banks | Georgia | (542.8) | 15.0 | (81.4) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Hungary | (478.0) | 9.0 | (43.0) | 0.0 | (38.2) | 0.0 |
| All banks | Philippines | (131.4) | 30.0 | (39.4) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Croatia | (190.3) | 18.0 | (34.3) | 0.0 | (28.5) | 0.0 |
| All banks | Netherlands | (132.3) | 25.0 | (33.1) | 0.0 | (13.2) | 0.0 |
| All banks | Indonesia | (126.1) | 25.0 | (31.5) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Poland | (158.9) | 19.0 | (30.2) | 0.0 | (27.0) | 0.0 |
| All banks | Morocco | (69.2) | 31.0 | (21.4) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Malaysia | (85.6) | 24.0 | (20.5) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Greece | (63.4) | 29.0 | (18.4) | 0.0 | (17.8) | 0.0 |
| All banks | Tanzania | (38.4) | 30.0 | (11.5) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Serbia | (76.3) | 15.0 | (11.4) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Thailand | (55.1) | 20.0 | (11.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Venezuela | (31.7) | 34.0 | (10.8) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Russia | (53.7) | 20.0 | (10.7) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | South Africa | (36.0) | 28.0 | (10.1) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Curacao | (36.5) | 22.0 | (8.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Tunisia | (31.8) | 25.0 | (8.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Bulgaria | (71.2) | 10.0 | (7.1) | 0.0 | (7.1) | 0.0 |
| All banks | Senegal | (22.6) | 30.0 | (6.8) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Puerto Rico | (28.1) | 24.0 | (6.7) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Albania | (36.2) | 15.0 | (5.4) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Marshall Islands | (22.4) | 24.0 | (5.4) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Botswana | (23.6) | 22.0 | (5.2) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Taiwan Province of China | (25.6) | 17.0 | (4.4) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Benin | (11.7) | 30.0 | (3.5) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Zimbabwe | (13.3) | 25.0 | (3.3) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Slovenia | (15.0) | 19.0 | (2.8) | 0.0 | (2.1) | 0.0 |
| All banks | Bosnia and Herzegovina | (28.2) | 10.0 | (2.8) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Mozambique | (8.7) | 32.0 | (2.8) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Brunei | (12.9) | 18.5 | (2.4) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Sri Lanka | (7.5) | 28.0 | (2.1) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Vietnam | (10.4) | 20.0 | (2.1) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Armenia | (10.0) | 20.0 | (2.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Djibouti | (7.9) | 25.0 | (2.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Chad | (5.7) | 24.0 | (1.4) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Kosovo | (5.3) | 24.0 | (1.3) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Bolivia | (4.6) | 25.0 | (1.2) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Burkina Faso | (3.8) | 27.5 | (1.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Moldova | (7.7) | 12.0 | (0.9) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Gambia | (2.9) | 31.0 | (0.9) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Laos | (2.9) | 24.0 | (0.7) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Fiji | (3.4) | 20.0 | (0.7) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Oman | (4.0) | 15.0 | (0.6) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Congo, Republic of | (1.4) | 35.0 | (0.5) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Uganda | (1.7) | 30.0 | (0.5) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Mali | (2.0) | 24.0 | (0.5) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Macedonia, F.Y.R. | (4.8) | 10.0 | (0.5) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Montenegro | (1.5) | 9.0 | (0.1) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Vanuatu | (0.3) | 34.0 | (0.1) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Togo | (0.4) | 24.0 | (0.1) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Ecuador | (0.4) | 22.0 | (0.1) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Cambodia | (0.4) | 20.0 | (0.1) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Saint-Martin, France | (0.2) | 34.5 | (0.1) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Liechtenstein | (0.2) | 12.5 | (0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Namibia | (0.0) | 32.0 | (0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Bahamas | 20.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Bahrain | (5.6) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Bermuda | 80.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Cayman Islands | 57.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Channel Islands | 168.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Guernsey | 78.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Isle of Man | 131.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | New Caledonia | 27.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | British Virgin Islands | 3.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Kazakhstan | 0.2 | 20.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Angola | 0.2 | 30.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Falkland Islands | 0.4 | 24.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Jordan | 0.7 | 20.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Equatorial Guinea | 1.1 | 24.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Cameroon | 0.9 | 33.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Panama | 1.2 | 25.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Paraguay | 4.7 | 10.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Cyprus | 4.0 | 12.5 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.4 |
| All banks | Ivory Coast | 2.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | French Polynesia | 2.3 | 24.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Guinea | 2.5 | 24.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Seychelles | 2.6 | 30.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Madagascar | 4.3 | 20.0 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Pakistan | 4.1 | 31.0 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Sierra Leone | 4.3 | 30.0 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Kuwait | 9.9 | 15.0 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Iraq | 13.3 | 15.0 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Nepal | 9.7 | 24.0 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Zambia | 6.8 | 35.0 | 0.0 | 2.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Maldives | 9.9 | 24.0 | 0.0 | 2.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Lebanon | 19.8 | 15.0 | 0.0 | 3.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Lithuania | 27.0 | 15.0 | 0.0 | 4.1 | 0.0 | 3.2 |
| All banks | Macao, China | 36.5 | 12.0 | 0.0 | 4.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Israel | 20.1 | 23.0 | 0.0 | 4.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Qatar | 52.2 | 10.0 | 0.0 | 5.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Belarus | 29.8 | 18.0 | 0.0 | 5.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | China with HK | 26.6 | 25.0 | 0.0 | 6.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Algeria | 26.6 | 26.0 | 0.0 | 6.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Kenya | 30.2 | 30.0 | 0.0 | 9.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Latvia | 48.8 | 20.0 | 0.0 | 9.8 | 0.0 | 5.4 |
| All banks | Uruguay | 43.7 | 25.0 | 0.0 | 10.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Brazil | 34.5 | 34.0 | 0.0 | 11.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Nigeria | 41.1 | 30.0 | 0.0 | 12.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Ghana | 54.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | 13.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Gibraltar | 162.1 | 10.0 | 0.0 | 16.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Singapore | 138.4 | 17.0 | 0.0 | 23.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Colombia | 71.4 | 34.0 | 0.0 | 24.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Estonia | 129.7 | 20.0 | 0.0 | 25.9 | 0.0 | 18.2 |
| All banks | New Zealand | 93.4 | 28.0 | 0.0 | 26.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Monaco | 80.5 | 33.3 | 0.0 | 26.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Bangladesh | 109.8 | 25.0 | 0.0 | 27.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Slovakia | 137.8 | 21.0 | 0.0 | 28.9 | 0.0 | 27.6 |
| All banks | Mauritius | 216.9 | 15.0 | 0.0 | 32.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Egypt | 174.7 | 22.5 | 0.0 | 39.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Malta | 115.0 | 35.0 | 0.0 | 40.3 | 0.0 | 18.4 |
| All banks | Portugal | 132.2 | 31.5 | 0.0 | 41.6 | 0.0 | 23.8 |
| All banks | Turkey | 237.5 | 22.0 | 0.0 | 52.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Canada | 213.3 | 26.8 | 0.0 | 57.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Peru | 223.0 | 29.5 | 0.0 | 65.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Jersey | 365.8 | 20.0 | 0.0 | 73.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | United Arab Emirates | 140.7 | 55.0 | 0.0 | 77.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Saudi Arabia | 399.0 | 20.0 | 0.0 | 79.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Argentina | 428.7 | 30.0 | 0.0 | 128.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Japan | 436.0 | 29.7 | 0.0 | 129.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Australia | 466.1 | 30.0 | 0.0 | 139.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Finland | 809.1 | 20.0 | 0.0 | 161.8 | 0.0 | 97.1 |
| All banks | Czech Republic | 950.6 | 19.0 | 0.0 | 180.6 | 0.0 | 142.6 |
| All banks | Chile | 826.2 | 25.0 | 0.0 | 206.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Ireland | 1,798.5 | 12.5 | 0.0 | 224.8 | 0.0 | 287.8 |
| All banks | Denmark | 1,295.0 | 22.0 | 0.0 | 284.9 | 0.0 | 246.1 |
| All banks | China, P.R.: Mainland | 1,278.7 | 25.0 | 0.0 | 319.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Norway | 1,778.1 | 23.0 | 0.0 | 409.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Mexico | 1,388.4 | 30.0 | 0.0 | 416.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Belgium | 1,593.8 | 29.6 | 0.0 | 471.8 | 0.0 | 223.1 |
| All banks | Sweden | 3,572.2 | 22.0 | 0.0 | 785.9 | 0.0 | 464.4 |
| All banks | Hong Kong, China | 5,173.3 | 16.5 | 0.0 | 853.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All banks | Luxembourg | 3,370.0 | 26.0 | 0.0 | 876.2 | 0.0 | 67.4 |
| Total | (0.0) | (7,370.1) | 6,473.9 | (4,793.2) | 1,625.3 | ||
Comparing CRD IV CBCR data with banks’ accounts for six UK banks in 2017 — Nordic banks
| Banks | Year | Data source | Turnover | Profit before tax | Tax per profit and loss account | Tax paid per cash flow | Employees |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| €m | €m | €m | €m | ||||
| Danske Bank A/S | 2017 | CRD IV | 10,244 | 3,533 | 725 | 725 | 19,769 |
| Danske Bank A/S | 2017 | Accounts | 6,473 | 3,534 | 724 | 737 | 19,768 |
| Danske Bank A/S | 2017 | Difference | 3,771 | (1) | 1 | (12) | 1 |
| DNB ASA | 2017 | CRD IV | 5,535 | 2,877 | 542 | 542 | 9,561 |
| DNB ASA | 2017 | Accounts | 5,487 | 2,882 | 542 | 1,156 | 9,561 |
| DNB ASA | 2017 | Difference | 48 | (5) | (0) | (614) | 0 |
| Nordea Bank AB | 2017 | CRD IV | 9,469 | 3,998 | 950 | 950 | 31,437 |
| Nordea Bank AB | 2017 | Accounts | 9,469 | 3,998 | 950 | 950 | 30,399 |
| Nordea Bank AB | 2017 | Difference | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1,038 |
| Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB | 2017 | CRD IV | 7,662 | 2,161 | 473 | 473 | 15,949 |
| Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB | 2017 | Accounts | 4,679 | 2,160 | 474 | 244 | 15,946 |
| Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB | 2017 | Difference | 2,983 | 1 | (1) | 229 | 3 |
| Svenska Handelsbanken AB | 2017 | CRD IV | 4,325 | 2,182 | 547 | 547 | 11,832 |
| Svenska Handelsbanken AB | 2017 | Accounts | 4,326 | 2,183 | 511 | 594 | 11,832 |
| Svenska Handelsbanken AB | 2017 | Difference | (1) | (1) | 36 | (47) | 0 |
| Swedbank AB | 2017 | CRD IV | 4,496 | 2,548 | 537 | 537 | 14,588 |
| Swedbank AB | 2017 | Accounts | 4,405 | 2,548 | 538 | 386 | 14,588 |
| Swedbank AB | 2017 | Difference | 91 | 0 | (1) | 151 | 0 |
Comparing CRD IV CBCR data with banks’ accounts for six UK banks in 2017 — UK banks
| Banks | Year | Data source | Turnover | Profit before tax | Tax per profit and loss account | Tax paid per cash flow report | Full-time employees |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| €m | €m | €m | €m | ||||
| Barclays Plc | 2017 | CRD IV | 29,599 | 6,306 | 487 | 487 | 97,418 |
| Barclays Plc | 2017 | Accounts | 24,054 | 4,041 | 939 | 808 | 79,900 |
| Barclays Plc | 2017 | Difference | 5,545 | 2,265 | (452) | (321) | 17,518 |
| Lloyds Banking Group Plc | 2017 | CRD IV | 21,295 | 6,021 | 1,172 | 1,172 | 69,556 |
| Lloyds Banking Group Plc | 2017 | Accounts | 21,296 | 6,020 | 1,427 | 1,173 | 69,726 |
| Lloyds Banking Group Plc | 2017 | Difference | (1) | 1 | (255) | (1) | (170) |
| Royal Bank of Scotland Group | 2017 | CRD IV | 14,999 | 2,567 | 606 | 606 | 73,980 |
| Royal Bank of Scotland Group | 2017 | Accounts | 14,989 | 2,555 | 903 | 593 | 71,200 |
| Royal Bank of Scotland Group | 2017 | Difference | 10 | 12 | (297) | 13 | 2,780 |
| HSBC Holdings Plc | 2017 | CRD IV | 60,285 | 14,680 | 2,371 | 2,371 | 233,126 |
| HSBC Holdings Plc | 2017 | Accounts | 44,063 | 15,227 | 3,782 | 2,816 | 244,788 |
| HSBC Holdings Plc | 2017 | Difference | 16,222 | (547) | (1,411) | (445) | (11,662) |
| Standard Chartered Plc | 2017 | CRD IV | 13,681 | 3,063 | 726 | 726 | 86,794 |
| Standard Chartered Plc | 2017 | Accounts | 10,865 | 1,819 | 727 | 689 | 86,794 |
| Standard Chartered Plc | 2017 | Difference | 2,816 | 1,244 | (1) | 37 | 0 |
| Nationwide Building Society | 2017 | CRD IV | 3,855 | 1,234 | 339 | 339 | 17,295 |
| Nationwide Building Society | 2017 | Accounts | 3,824 | 1,203 | 339 | 339 | 18,761 |
| Nationwide Building Society | 2017 | Difference | 31 | 31 | 0 | 0 | (1,466) |