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Fig. 1
Process flow chart for the preparation of antimony impregnated activated carbon electrode, To and Tf are the initial and final temperatures, respectively.
Fig. 2
TPR analysis of antimony impregnated activated carbon.
Fig. 3
XPS survey peaks, dark line – activated carbon, shaded line – AIAC.
Fig. 4
Deconvoluted XPS plot for the oxygen and antimony peaks for AIAC.
Fig. 5
Deconvoluted XPS peaks for antimony, top – after calcination, middle – after reduction, bottom – after deposition of Cd and Pb for 10 min.
Fig. 6
Cyclic voltammetry plot for activated carbon (shaded line ) and AIAC (dark line). Voltage step size = 4 mV/s.
Fig. 7
Square wave stripping voltammetry results for activated carbon - ∆, AIAC- ▫, 100 ppb Pb2+ and Cd solution: 0.01 M HCl (pH 2), deposition at –0.1 V for 10 min at a frequency of 30 Hz, amplitude of 50 mV and a potential step of 4 mV.
Fig. 8
Successive deposition and anodic stripping of AIAC, (a) actual peaks, (b) peak area (⋄ - lead, ▫ – cadmium and ∆ – shoulder peak); Solution: 0.01 M HCl (pH 2), deposition at –0.1 V for 10 min at a frequency of 30 Hz, amplitude of 50 mV and a potential step of 4 mV.
Fig. 9
Relation between the shoulder peak (≈–0.4 V) area and the amount of antimony present in the sample. Solution: 0.01 M HCl (pH 2), deposition at –0.1 V for 10 min at a frequency of 30 Hz, amplitude of 50 mV and a potential step of 4 mV.
Fig. 10
Peak area at different analytes concentrations (simulated solutions), ▫– lead, ⋄ – cadmium, ∆ – shoulder peak. Voltammograms are provided in the literature [21].