Accesso libero

Identification of River Valley Areas Threatening the Chemical Status of Groundwater, in the Example of the Upper Course of the Ner River Basin, Central Poland

Ewa Krogulec
Ewa Krogulec
, 
Jerzy J. Małecki
Jerzy J. Małecki
, 
Marzena Szostakiewicz-Hołownia
Marzena Szostakiewicz-Hołownia
, 
Joanna Trzeciak
Joanna Trzeciak
, 
Sebastian Zabłocki
Sebastian Zabłocki
 e 
Maciej Ziułkiewicz
Maciej Ziułkiewicz
   | 14 ago 2024
Quaestiones Geographicae's Cover Image
INFORMAZIONI SU QUESTO ARTICOLO
Articolo precedente
Articolo Successivo
Cita
Pubblicato online: 14 ago 2024
Pagine: -
Ricevuto: 19 lug 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/quageo-2024-0024
© 2024 Ewa Krogulec et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

Documentation map of the research area.
Documentation map of the research area.

Fig. 2.

Hydrogeological cross-section (line of cross-sections shown in Fig. 1).
Hydrogeological cross-section (line of cross-sections shown in Fig. 1).

Fig. 3.

The extent of the depression cone in the Quaternary aquifers of the Łódź agglomeration as a part of Main Groundwater Reservoir No. 401 (Rodzoch et al. 2013).
The extent of the depression cone in the Quaternary aquifers of the Łódź agglomeration as a part of Main Groundwater Reservoir No. 401 (Rodzoch et al. 2013).

Fig. 4.

Groundwater table of the Quaternary and Upper Cretaceous aquifers in the area of modelling studies.
Groundwater table of the Quaternary and Upper Cretaceous aquifers in the area of modelling studies.

Fig. 5.

Hydrogeological cross-sections (lines of cross-sections shown in Fig. 1, explanations to cross-sections shown in Fig. 2).
Hydrogeological cross-sections (lines of cross-sections shown in Fig. 1, explanations to cross-sections shown in Fig. 2).

Fig. 6.

Observations of the groundwater table level during pumping in the C, E and H wells.
Observations of the groundwater table level during pumping in the C, E and H wells.

Fig. 7.

Model structure and boundary conditions: RIVER (blue), WELL (brown), DRAIN (purple), general head boundary (green), 3D view from the south, exaggeration of the vertical scale · 10.
Model structure and boundary conditions: RIVER (blue), WELL (brown), DRAIN (purple), general head boundary (green), 3D view from the south, exaggeration of the vertical scale · 10.

Fig. 8.

Model calibration chart.
Model calibration chart.

Fig. 9.

Layout of the stream line on the way of water inflow to the Ignacew-intake wells as a result of model research.
Layout of the stream line on the way of water inflow to the Ignacew-intake wells as a result of model research.

Fig. 10.

Head difference between the Quaternary and the Upper Cretaceous aquifers as a result of flow modelling in conditions of: A – average head without withdrawal; B – average head with actual withdrawal from the POBORY database.
Head difference between the Quaternary and the Upper Cretaceous aquifers as a result of flow modelling in conditions of: A – average head without withdrawal; B – average head with actual withdrawal from the POBORY database.

Fig. 11.

Chemical composition of the tested water presented on the Piper diagram.
Chemical composition of the tested water presented on the Piper diagram.

Fig. 12.

Chemistry map of groundwater and river and alluvial waters in the H and E profiles (colors consistent with Fig. 11).
Chemistry map of groundwater and river and alluvial waters in the H and E profiles (colors consistent with Fig. 11).

Fig. 13.

Cumulative concentration curves of selected microelements in water (n = 14).
Cumulative concentration curves of selected microelements in water (n = 14).

Contents of elements in the sediments of the Ner River (values greater than the average are marked in red)*.

Concentration Sampling site Łódź Agglomeration
Element Unit H1 H2 H3 E1 E2 E3 C1 C2 C3 max–min (average)**
Ag ppm 0.38 1.77 0.76 0.48 0.62 0.28 nd nd nd <1–198 (<1)
Al % 0.02 0.06 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 <0.01–3.74 (0.21)
As ppm 0.66 2.16 1.84 0.77 1.06 0.61 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <5–906 (<5)
Ba ppm 10.08 40.2 8.02 12.96 12.44 5.98 5.92 7.95 7.27 3–484 (42)
Bi ppm 200 640 76 280 300 66 0.1 <0.1 0.07 nd
Pb ppm 9.6 40 5.68 11.4 13.26 4.72 2.93 2.12 3.88 <5–10 200 (15)
Br ppm 56 58 54 66 44 66 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 nd
Cd ppm 1.45 1.09 0.64 0.69 1.14 1.19 0.3 0.27 0.42 <0.5–59.6 (0.6)
Ca % 0.1 0.61 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.02–16.90 (0.42)
Cr ppm 27.6 69.6 47.4 32 42.8 36 19.56 18.7 20.2 <1–977 (5)
Co ppm 0.66 0.68 0.46 0.66 0.72 0.37 0.45 0.29 0.27 <1–46 (2)
Fe % 0.08 0.22 0.09 0.06 0.08 0.06 0.03 0.07 0.03 0.03–11.80 (0.45)
K ppm 29 32.4 23 33.2 28.8 18.84 12.51 9.91 12.3 nd
Cu ppm 10.42 38.6 11.12 14.58 18.68 8.66 5.69 4.62 6.85 <1–1720 (9)
Mg % 0.01 0.02 <0.01 0.01 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01–0.92 (0.06)
Mn ppm 23.2 40.8 4.84 11.02 7.2 6.58 4.73 69.64 5.58 4–2 896 (129)
Mo ppm <0.1 0.12 0.3 0.3 0.23 0.12 0.03 <0.1 0 nd
Na ppm 33.4 48.4 33.6 62.2 36.2 26.2 16.13 16.99 13.29 nd
Ni ppm 1.4 2.5 1.83 1.63 2.06 0.68 0.96 0.6 0.55 <1–345 (4)
Hg ppm 0.25 0.74 0.39 0.4 0.45 0.26 nd nd nd <0.05–20.50 (0.06)
Sr ppm 2.92 14.78 3.84 2.9 2.72 1.36 1.29 2.78 1.58 <1–269 (13)
Ti ppm 6.56 13.18 3.36 6.26 6.98 3 1.88 1.3 2.67 4–528 (30)
V ppm 0.9 2.24 0.9 0.95 1.07 0.75 0.32 0.06 0.41 <1–77 (5)
W ppm <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 nd
Zn ppm 58.4 460 89 89.8 132.2 50.2 39.98 34.08 48.57 4–84 900 (64)
Sn ppm 1.37 6.32 0.8 1.65 1.51 0.54 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 nd

Discharge rate and the depression size for the Ignacew-intake wells.

Well no./ No. According to the Central Hydrogeological Database Aquifer and its screened part Exploitable / actual discharge rate Depression size
[m3 · d−1] [m]
A1 / 6270670 Cr3−1 (upper part) 3871.2 / 3360.0 20.1
A2 / 6270689 Cr3−1, Cr3−2 (upper and central part) 3508.8 / 3120.0 21.4
A3 / 6270681 Cr3−1, Cr3−2 (upper and central part) 2805.6 / 2520.0 20.7

Physicochemical properties of the tested water.

Parameter Units River water Water from alluvium Groundwater Drinking water*
Hr Er H1 H2 H3 C1 C2 C3 E1 E2 E3 Q Ng Cr3
EC mikroS/cm 1229 1307 479 469 727 681 737 567 745 875 1070 649 676 376 2500
TDS mg/ dm3 836.6 898.9 332.7 351.17 604.7 498.5 548.9 412.3 548.8 740.9 651.2 503.3 524.7 309.8
Water type HCO3-Cl-Ca-Na Cl-HCO3-Na-Ca HCO3-Cl-SO4-Ca HCO3-Ca HCO3-SO4-Ca SO4-HCO3-Ca HCO3-Ca HCO3-SO4-Ca HCO3-Cl-Ca HCO3-Ca-Na HCO3-Ca HCO3-SO4-Ca HCO3-Ca-Na HCO3-Ca
pH 7.3 6.46 6.5 7 6.89 6.73 7.13 6.59 6.93 6.71 7.11 7.32 7.2 7.45 6.5-9.5
Temp. st.C 15.1 16.1 15.2 15.6 15.8 16.5 16.9 16.4 15.4 15.4 16.3 15.4 11.3 11.5
Eh mV 132 −28 −50.1 −116 −66.8 −7.8 −84 −58.6 −63 −56.5 −55 125 −53.5 −66.7
O2 mg/ dm3 3.13 4.04 1.6 0.72 1.45 1.71 1.93 1.28 1.85 1.34 1.54 1.44 0.09 0.09
SO42- mg/ dm3 105 115 55 40 125 155 50 100 75 90 60 100 19 8 250
Cl- mg/ dm3 152.93 192.85 51.69 16.59 13.83 24.96 33.25 24.74 60.97 51.33 101.39 24.04 40.63 5.25 250
NO3− mg/ dm3 21.83 26.54 7.7 8.56 4.28 22.68 8.13 4.28 5.14 3.85 3.42 5.99 3.42 3.85 50
NH4+ mg/ dm3 2.02 2.24 2.07 0.97 0.45 0.15 2.6 1.83 0.5 2.2 3.84 0.01 0.86 0.36 0.5
PO43- mg/ dm3 2.9 2.75 0.08 0.48 0.1 0.12 5.6 0.52 0.33 0.06 0.88 0.08 0.06 0.08
Al mg/ dm3 0.009 0.051 <0,05 0.074 <0,05 0.022 0.002 0.029 0.003 0.069 0.079 <0,05 <0.001 <0,05 0.2
As mg/ dm3 <0.001 <0,003 0.026 0.006 0.003 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.015 <0,003 <0,003 <0,003 <0.001 <0,003 0.01
Ba mg/ dm3 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.09 0.24 0.12 0.05 0.14 0.03 0.24 0.12 0.04 0.16 0.06
Be mg/ dm3 nd <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 nd nd nd nd <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 nd <0.005
Bi mg/ dm3 <0.005 0.09 <0.005 0.1 0.07 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 0.04 0.06 <0.005 <0.005
Pb mg/ dm3 <0.001 0.003 0.002 0.006 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.013 0.003 0.004 0.002 <0.001 0.002 0.01
Br mg/ dm3 nd <1 <1 <1 <1 nd nd nd nd <1 <1 <1 nd <1
Cd mg/dm3 0.0080 0.0008 0.0017 0.0028 0.0069 0.0013 0.0009 0.0011 0.0175 0.0016 0.0012 0.0024 0.0005 0.0008 0.005
Ca mg/ dm3 104.57 101 56.7 70.3 133 102.44 99.35 83.01 95.23 123 122 100 75.29 62.2
Cr mg/ dm3 0.005 <0.005 <0.005 0.01 <0.005 0.005 0.005 0.007 0.006 <0.005 0.005 <0.005 0.002 <0.005 0.05
Co mg/ dm3 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005
Fe mg/ dm3 0.04 0.36 3.34 5.26 4.17 1.39 3.19 4.54 0.1 0.75 5.14 <0.02 0.67 0.64 0.2
K mg/ dm3 14.43 17.6 4.75 2.48 9.34 7.16 3.94 3.39 3.76 13.1 3.07 1.32 4.16 2.52
Cu mg/ dm3 0.001 <0.005 <0.005 0.005 <0.005 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.001 <0.005 2
Mg mg/ dm3 10.64 10.5 5.3 5.43 14.3 9.18 12.76 8.83 7.9 12 11.7 11.9 7.98 6.24 7-125
Mn mg/ dm3 0.113 0.122 0.361 0.51 0.296 0.32 0.384 0.542 0.002 0.257 0.749 0.088 0.042 0.036 0.05
Mo mg/ dm3 <0.001 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.01 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.001 <0.005
Na mg/ dm3 119.29 125 16 7.76 23.2 15.23 26.2 15.62 28.76 72.9 9.52 12.1 48.37 4.94 200
Ni mg/ dm3 0.009 0.014 0.006 <0.005 <0.005 0.006 0.001 0.005 0.007 0.006 <0.005 <0.005 <0.001 <0.005 0.02
Hg mg/ dm3 nd 0.0017 0.0004 0.0039 0.0004 nd nd nd nd 0.0003 0.0002 0.0013 nd 0.0001 0.001
Ag mg/ dm3 nd <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 nd nd nd nd <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 nd <0.005 0.01
Si mg/ dm3 4.7 7.76 7.46 7.38 5.15 3.43 6.16 6.89 3.39 8.52 6.11 4.51 8.14 12.6
Sr mg/ dm3 0.33 0.4 0.22 0.18 0.43 0.36 0.67 0.37 0.17 1.19 0.33 0.18 2.02 1.38
Ti mg/ dm3 <0.001 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.001 <0.005
V mg/ dm3 0.05 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.04 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 0.03 <0.004
W mg/ dm3 <0.001 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.02 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.001 <0.005
Zn mg/ dm3 0.06 0.09 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.05 0.06 0.09 <0.001 0.02
Sn mg/ dm3 <0.001 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.001 <0.005

Basic information about C, E and H pumping wells and observation wells.

Pumping and observation wells Well name Well depth Aquifer stratigraphy Aquifer lithology Piezometric water table Water table
[m] [m b.g.l.]
C C pumping well 30 Cr3 limestones −1.50 13.50
P-1 observation well nd Q nd 0.59 0.59
1 observation well 14 Q sands and gravels 0.90 0.90
P-2 observation well nd Q nd 0.95 0.95
E E pumping well 35 Cr3 limestones 0.86 0.86
P-5 observation well 17 Q sands of different granulation 1.46 1.46
P-6 observation well 18 Q sands of different granulation 0.91 0.91
P-7 observation well 18 Q sands of different granulation 2.30 2.30
H H pumping well 70 Cr3 limestones −4.00 53.50
P-10 observation well 22 Q sands and gravels 0.40 0.40
P-11 observation well 12 Q sands and gravels 1.00 1.00
P-15 observation well 18 Q sands and gravels 1.80 1.80

Percentage contribution of the speciation of selected elements.

Speciation River water* Water from alluvium* Quaternary aquifer (ZP2 well) Upper Cretaceous (A2 well) Speciation River water* Water from alluvium* Quaternary aquifer (ZP2 well) Upper Cretaceous (A2 well)
Carbon Magnesium
HCO3− 71.4 70.1 87.1 89.6 Mg2+ 92.9 91.5 91.8 97.0
CO2(aq) 26.5 27.5 10.3 8.5 MgSO4 4.9 5.6 5.8 0.6
CaHCO3+ 1.7 1.6 2.0 1.5 MgHCO3+ 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.3
MgHCO3+ 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 MgCl+ 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.0
NaHCO3 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.0 MgHPO4 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0
CaCO3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 MgCO3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1
CO32- 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 Bismuth
Chlorides Bi(OH)3(aq) 94.5 93.3 98.3 98.7
Cl- 99.1 99.1 99.1 99.2 Bi(OH)2+ 5.5 6.7 1.7 1.3
CaCl+ 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.7 Cadmium
Sulfur Cd2+ 83.1 70.2 82.5 89.6
SO42- 81.1 81.8 80.7 84.8 CdCl+ 5.7 18.4 3.3 0.9
CaSO4 16.3 14.6 16.4 13.3 CdSO4(aq) 5.2 4.9 6.2 0.7
MgSO4 2.2 2.1 2.7 1.8 CdHCO3+ 4.1 3.6 4.7 4.6
NaSO4− 0.3 1.3 0.1 0.1 CdCO3(aq) 1.1 1.4 3.1 4.1
KSO4− 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 CdHPO4(aq) 0.6 1.1 0.1 0.1
NH4SO4− 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Cd(SO4)22- 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0
Sodium CdCl2(aq) 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0
Na+ 99.4 99.3 99.3 99.5 CdNO3+ 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
NaHCO3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 Copper
NaSO4− 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.0 Cu2+ 68.0 64.8 44.9 46.2
Potassium CuOH+ 30.7 32.1 55.0 53.5
K+ 99.7 99.6 99.6 100.0 CuHPO4 1.0 2.6 0.1 0.1
KSO4− 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.0 CuNH32+ 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.1
Calcium CuCl+ 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
Ca2+ 90.6 88.3 89.3 95.5 Chrome
CaSO4 5.8 6.5 6.9 0.7 CrO42- 73.0 72.7 89.6 91.5
CaHCO3+ 2.9 3.0 3.3 3.4 HCrO4− 27.0 27.3 10.4 8.5
CaCl+ 0.4 1.7 0.3 0.1 Mercury
CaCO3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 HgCl2 85.5 57.3 91.4 97.9
CaHPO4 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 HgCl3− 14.5 42.7 8.6 2.1
CaNO3+ 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 Lead
PbCO3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Results of calculations of the filtration parameters of the Upper Cretaceous aquifer based on pumping of the H, C and E wells.

Well Pumping type Pumping stage Discharge rate Q Stabilized depression s Conductivity k Average conductivity k Depression cone radius during pumping test Permissible discharge rate Q max
[m3 · h−1] [m] [m · s−1] [m · s−1] [m] [m3 · h−1]
H one stage 1 39.5 35.73 1.19 · 10−5 370.1 7
C one stage 1 100.0 5.63 3.58 · 10−4 320.0 41
E three stages 1 24.7 6.80 8.16 · 10−5 5.53 · 10−5 168.0 11
2 40.4 14.90 5.05 · 10−5 376.0
3 51.6 24.30 3.37 · 10−5 612.0

The cation exchange capacity (CEC) estimated by the Breeuwsma formula and sorption capacity determined by the Kappen method.

Sample no. TOC content Particle content below 2 μm CEC Hydrolytic acidity BEC Total sorption capacity
[%] [cmol(+) · kg−1] [cmol(H+) · kg−1] [cmol(+) · kg−1]
H1 0.69 0.00 2.40 0.6 0 0.6
H2 1.30 0.00 4.56 0.68 10 10.68
H3 0.23 0.00 0.81 0.45 0 0.45
E1 1.36 0.00 4.76 1.73 0 1.73
E2 0.72 0.00 2.52 3.23 0 3.23
E3 0.61 0.00 2.13 2.03 0 2.03
C1 0.60 0.00 2.10 0.6 0 0.6
C2 0.19 0.00 0.66 0.45 0 0.45
C3 0.31 0.00 1.09 0.83 0 0.83
eISSN:
2081-6383
Lingua:
Inglese
Frequenza di pubblicazione:
4 volte all'anno
Argomenti della rivista:
Geosciences, Geography
Feed RSS della rivista