Identification of River Valley Areas Threatening the Chemical Status of Groundwater, in the Example of the Upper Course of the Ner River Basin, Central Poland

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Fig. 13.

Contents of elements in the sediments of the Ner River (values greater than the average are marked in red)*_

Concentration		Sampling site									Łódź Agglomeration
Element	Unit	H1	H2	H3	E1	E2	E3	C1	C2	C3	max–min (average)**
Ag	ppm	0.38	1.77	0.76	0.48	0.62	0.28	nd	nd	nd	<1–198 (<1)
Al	%	0.02	0.06	0.01	0.02	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	<0.01–3.74 (0.21)
As	ppm	0.66	2.16	1.84	0.77	1.06	0.61	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<5–906 (<5)
Ba	ppm	10.08	40.2	8.02	12.96	12.44	5.98	5.92	7.95	7.27	3–484 (42)
Bi	ppm	200	640	76	280	300	66	0.1	<0.1	0.07	nd
Pb	ppm	9.6	40	5.68	11.4	13.26	4.72	2.93	2.12	3.88	<5–10 200 (15)
Br	ppm	56	58	54	66	44	66	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	nd
Cd	ppm	1.45	1.09	0.64	0.69	1.14	1.19	0.3	0.27	0.42	<0.5–59.6 (0.6)
Ca	%	0.1	0.61	0.05	0.1	0.1	0.06	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.02–16.90 (0.42)
Cr	ppm	27.6	69.6	47.4	32	42.8	36	19.56	18.7	20.2	<1–977 (5)
Co	ppm	0.66	0.68	0.46	0.66	0.72	0.37	0.45	0.29	0.27	<1–46 (2)
Fe	%	0.08	0.22	0.09	0.06	0.08	0.06	0.03	0.07	0.03	0.03–11.80 (0.45)
K	ppm	29	32.4	23	33.2	28.8	18.84	12.51	9.91	12.3	nd
Cu	ppm	10.42	38.6	11.12	14.58	18.68	8.66	5.69	4.62	6.85	<1–1720 (9)
Mg	%	0.01	0.02	<0.01	0.01	0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01–0.92 (0.06)
Mn	ppm	23.2	40.8	4.84	11.02	7.2	6.58	4.73	69.64	5.58	4–2 896 (129)
Mo	ppm	<0.1	0.12	0.3	0.3	0.23	0.12	0.03	<0.1	0	nd
Na	ppm	33.4	48.4	33.6	62.2	36.2	26.2	16.13	16.99	13.29	nd
Ni	ppm	1.4	2.5	1.83	1.63	2.06	0.68	0.96	0.6	0.55	<1–345 (4)
Hg	ppm	0.25	0.74	0.39	0.4	0.45	0.26	nd	nd	nd	<0.05–20.50 (0.06)
Sr	ppm	2.92	14.78	3.84	2.9	2.72	1.36	1.29	2.78	1.58	<1–269 (13)
Ti	ppm	6.56	13.18	3.36	6.26	6.98	3	1.88	1.3	2.67	4–528 (30)
V	ppm	0.9	2.24	0.9	0.95	1.07	0.75	0.32	0.06	0.41	<1–77 (5)
W	ppm	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	nd
Zn	ppm	58.4	460	89	89.8	132.2	50.2	39.98	34.08	48.57	4–84 900 (64)
Sn	ppm	1.37	6.32	0.8	1.65	1.51	0.54	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	nd

Discharge rate and the depression size for the Ignacew-intake wells_

Well no./ No. According to the Central Hydrogeological Database	Aquifer and its screened part	Exploitable / actual discharge rate	Depression size
		[m3 · d−1]	[m]
A1 / 6270670	Cr3−1 (upper part)	3871.2 / 3360.0	20.1
A2 / 6270689	Cr3−1, Cr3−2 (upper and central part)	3508.8 / 3120.0	21.4
A3 / 6270681	Cr3−1, Cr3−2 (upper and central part)	2805.6 / 2520.0	20.7

Physicochemical properties of the tested water_

Parameter	Units	River water		Water from alluvium									Groundwater			Drinking water*
		Hr	Er	H1	H2	H3	C1	C2	C3	E1	E2	E3	Q	Ng	Cr3
EC	mikroS/cm	1229	1307	479	469	727	681	737	567	745	875	1070	649	676	376	2500
TDS	mg/ dm3	836.6	898.9	332.7	351.17	604.7	498.5	548.9	412.3	548.8	740.9	651.2	503.3	524.7	309.8
Water type		HCO3-Cl-Ca-Na	Cl-HCO3-Na-Ca	HCO3-Cl-SO4-Ca	HCO3-Ca	HCO3-SO4-Ca	SO4-HCO3-Ca	HCO3-Ca	HCO3-SO4-Ca	HCO3-Cl-Ca	HCO3-Ca-Na	HCO3-Ca	HCO3-SO4-Ca	HCO3-Ca-Na	HCO3-Ca
pH		7.3	6.46	6.5	7	6.89	6.73	7.13	6.59	6.93	6.71	7.11	7.32	7.2	7.45	6.5-9.5
Temp.	st.C	15.1	16.1	15.2	15.6	15.8	16.5	16.9	16.4	15.4	15.4	16.3	15.4	11.3	11.5
Eh	mV	132	−28	−50.1	−116	−66.8	−7.8	−84	−58.6	−63	−56.5	−55	125	−53.5	−66.7
O2	mg/ dm3	3.13	4.04	1.6	0.72	1.45	1.71	1.93	1.28	1.85	1.34	1.54	1.44	0.09	0.09
SO42-	mg/ dm3	105	115	55	40	125	155	50	100	75	90	60	100	19	8	250
Cl-	mg/ dm3	152.93	192.85	51.69	16.59	13.83	24.96	33.25	24.74	60.97	51.33	101.39	24.04	40.63	5.25	250
NO3−	mg/ dm3	21.83	26.54	7.7	8.56	4.28	22.68	8.13	4.28	5.14	3.85	3.42	5.99	3.42	3.85	50
NH4+	mg/ dm3	2.02	2.24	2.07	0.97	0.45	0.15	2.6	1.83	0.5	2.2	3.84	0.01	0.86	0.36	0.5
PO43-	mg/ dm3	2.9	2.75	0.08	0.48	0.1	0.12	5.6	0.52	0.33	0.06	0.88	0.08	0.06	0.08
Al	mg/ dm3	0.009	0.051	<0,05	0.074	<0,05	0.022	0.002	0.029	0.003	0.069	0.079	<0,05	<0.001	<0,05	0.2
As	mg/ dm3	<0.001	<0,003	0.026	0.006	0.003	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.015	<0,003	<0,003	<0,003	<0.001	<0,003	0.01
Ba	mg/ dm3	0.05	0.06	0.05	0.09	0.24	0.12	0.05	0.14	0.03	0.24	0.12	0.04	0.16	0.06
Be	mg/ dm3	nd	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	nd	nd	nd	nd	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	nd	<0.005
Bi	mg/ dm3	<0.005	0.09	<0.005	0.1	0.07	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	0.04	0.06	<0.005	<0.005
Pb	mg/ dm3	<0.001	0.003	0.002	0.006	0.002	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.013	0.003	0.004	0.002	<0.001	0.002	0.01
Br	mg/ dm3	nd	<1	<1	<1	<1	nd	nd	nd	nd	<1	<1	<1	nd	<1
Cd	mg/dm3	0.0080	0.0008	0.0017	0.0028	0.0069	0.0013	0.0009	0.0011	0.0175	0.0016	0.0012	0.0024	0.0005	0.0008	0.005
Ca	mg/ dm3	104.57	101	56.7	70.3	133	102.44	99.35	83.01	95.23	123	122	100	75.29	62.2
Cr	mg/ dm3	0.005	<0.005	<0.005	0.01	<0.005	0.005	0.005	0.007	0.006	<0.005	0.005	<0.005	0.002	<0.005	0.05
Co	mg/ dm3	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005
Fe	mg/ dm3	0.04	0.36	3.34	5.26	4.17	1.39	3.19	4.54	0.1	0.75	5.14	<0.02	0.67	0.64	0.2
K	mg/ dm3	14.43	17.6	4.75	2.48	9.34	7.16	3.94	3.39	3.76	13.1	3.07	1.32	4.16	2.52
Cu	mg/ dm3	0.001	<0.005	<0.005	0.005	<0.005	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.001	<0.005	2
Mg	mg/ dm3	10.64	10.5	5.3	5.43	14.3	9.18	12.76	8.83	7.9	12	11.7	11.9	7.98	6.24	7-125
Mn	mg/ dm3	0.113	0.122	0.361	0.51	0.296	0.32	0.384	0.542	0.002	0.257	0.749	0.088	0.042	0.036	0.05
Mo	mg/ dm3	<0.001	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.01	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.001	<0.005
Na	mg/ dm3	119.29	125	16	7.76	23.2	15.23	26.2	15.62	28.76	72.9	9.52	12.1	48.37	4.94	200
Ni	mg/ dm3	0.009	0.014	0.006	<0.005	<0.005	0.006	0.001	0.005	0.007	0.006	<0.005	<0.005	<0.001	<0.005	0.02
Hg	mg/ dm3	nd	0.0017	0.0004	0.0039	0.0004	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.0003	0.0002	0.0013	nd	0.0001	0.001
Ag	mg/ dm3	nd	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	nd	nd	nd	nd	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	nd	<0.005	0.01
Si	mg/ dm3	4.7	7.76	7.46	7.38	5.15	3.43	6.16	6.89	3.39	8.52	6.11	4.51	8.14	12.6
Sr	mg/ dm3	0.33	0.4	0.22	0.18	0.43	0.36	0.67	0.37	0.17	1.19	0.33	0.18	2.02	1.38
Ti	mg/ dm3	<0.001	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.001	<0.005
V	mg/ dm3	0.05	<0.004	<0.004	<0.004	<0.004	0.04	0.05	0.04	0.04	<0.004	<0.004	<0.004	0.03	<0.004
W	mg/ dm3	<0.001	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.02	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.001	<0.005
Zn	mg/ dm3	0.06	0.09	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.08	0.05	0.03	0.02	0.05	0.06	0.09	<0.001	0.02
Sn	mg/ dm3	<0.001	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.001	<0.005

Basic information about C, E and H pumping wells and observation wells_

Pumping and observation wells	Well name	Well depth	Aquifer stratigraphy	Aquifer lithology	Piezometric water table	Water table
		[m]			[m b.g.l.]
C	C pumping well	30	Cr3	limestones	−1.50	13.50
	P-1 observation well	nd	Q	nd	0.59	0.59
	1 observation well	14	Q	sands and gravels	0.90	0.90
	P-2 observation well	nd	Q	nd	0.95	0.95
E	E pumping well	35	Cr3	limestones	0.86	0.86
	P-5 observation well	17	Q	sands of different granulation	1.46	1.46
	P-6 observation well	18	Q	sands of different granulation	0.91	0.91
	P-7 observation well	18	Q	sands of different granulation	2.30	2.30
H	H pumping well	70	Cr3	limestones	−4.00	53.50
	P-10 observation well	22	Q	sands and gravels	0.40	0.40
	P-11 observation well	12	Q	sands and gravels	1.00	1.00
	P-15 observation well	18	Q	sands and gravels	1.80	1.80

Percentage contribution of the speciation of selected elements_

Speciation	River water*	Water from alluvium*	Quaternary aquifer (ZP2 well)	Upper Cretaceous (A2 well)		Speciation	River water*	Water from alluvium*	Quaternary aquifer (ZP2 well)	Upper Cretaceous (A2 well)
Carbon						Magnesium
HCO3−	71.4	70.1	87.1	89.6		Mg2+	92.9	91.5	91.8	97.0
CO2(aq)	26.5	27.5	10.3	8.5		MgSO4	4.9	5.6	5.8	0.6
CaHCO3+	1.7	1.6	2.0	1.5		MgHCO3+	2.0	2.1	2.3	2.3
MgHCO3+	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2		MgCl+	0.1	0.5	0.1	0.0
NaHCO3	0.1	0.5	0.1	0.0			MgHPO4	0.1	0.2	0.0	0.0
CaCO3	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.1		MgCO3	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.1
CO32-	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.1		Bismuth
Chlorides						Bi(OH)3(aq)	94.5	93.3	98.3	98.7
Cl-	99.1	99.1	99.1	99.2		Bi(OH)2+	5.5	6.7	1.7	1.3
CaCl+	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.7		Cadmium
Sulfur						Cd2+	83.1	70.2	82.5	89.6
SO42-	81.1	81.8	80.7	84.8		CdCl+	5.7	18.4	3.3	0.9
CaSO4	16.3	14.6	16.4	13.3		CdSO4(aq)	5.2	4.9	6.2	0.7
MgSO4	2.2	2.1	2.7	1.8		CdHCO3+	4.1	3.6	4.7	4.6
NaSO4−	0.3	1.3	0.1	0.1		CdCO3(aq)	1.1	1.4	3.1	4.1
KSO4−	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.0		CdHPO4(aq)	0.6	1.1	0.1	0.1
NH4SO4−	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.0		Cd(SO4)22-	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sodium						CdCl2(aq)	0.0	0.3	0.0	0.0
Na+	99.4	99.3	99.3	99.5		CdNO3+	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.0
NaHCO3	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.5		Copper
NaSO4−	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.0		Cu2+	68.0	64.8	44.9	46.2
Potassium						CuOH+	30.7	32.1	55.0	53.5
K+	99.7	99.6	99.6	100.0		CuHPO4	1.0	2.6	0.1	0.1
KSO4−	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.0		CuNH32+	0.2	0.3	0.0	0.1
Calcium						CuCl+	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Ca2+	90.6	88.3	89.3	95.5		Chrome
CaSO4	5.8	6.5	6.9	0.7		CrO42-	73.0	72.7	89.6	91.5
CaHCO3+	2.9	3.0	3.3	3.4		HCrO4−	27.0	27.3	10.4	8.5
CaCl+	0.4	1.7	0.3	0.1		Mercury
CaCO3	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.3		HgCl2	85.5	57.3	91.4	97.9
CaHPO4	0.1	0.2	0.0	0.0		HgCl3−	14.5	42.7	8.6	2.1
CaNO3+	0.1	0.2	0.0	0.0		Lead
						PbCO3	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

Results of calculations of the filtration parameters of the Upper Cretaceous aquifer based on pumping of the H, C and E wells_

Well	Pumping type	Pumping stage	Discharge rate Q	Stabilized depression s	Conductivity k	Average conductivity k	Depression cone radius during pumping test	Permissible discharge rate Q max
			[m3 · h−1]	[m]	[m · s−1]	[m · s−1]	[m]	[m3 · h−1]
H	one stage	1	39.5	35.73		1.19 · 10−5	370.1	7
C	one stage	1	100.0	5.63		3.58 · 10−4	320.0	41
E	three stages	1	24.7	6.80	8.16 · 10−5	5.53 · 10−5	168.0	11
		2	40.4	14.90	5.05 · 10−5		376.0
		3	51.6	24.30	3.37 · 10−5		612.0

The cation exchange capacity (CEC) estimated by the Breeuwsma formula and sorption capacity determined by the Kappen method_

Sample no.	TOC content	Particle content below 2 μm	CEC	Hydrolytic acidity	BEC	Total sorption capacity
	[%]		[cmol(+) · kg−1]	[cmol(H+) · kg−1]	[cmol(+) · kg−1]
H1	0.69	0.00	2.40	0.6	0	0.6
H2	1.30	0.00	4.56	0.68	10	10.68
H3	0.23	0.00	0.81	0.45	0	0.45
E1	1.36	0.00	4.76	1.73	0	1.73
E2	0.72	0.00	2.52	3.23	0	3.23
E3	0.61	0.00	2.13	2.03	0	2.03
C1	0.60	0.00	2.10	0.6	0	0.6
C2	0.19	0.00	0.66	0.45	0	0.45
C3	0.31	0.00	1.09	0.83	0	0.83