Volume 10 (2017): Issue 19 (December 2017)

Introduction: Masters swimming competitions involve adults who practice swimming as a hobby, and it is focused on three main areas: fitness activity, recreational activity, and competitive activity. Masters swimming competitions are regulated at an international level by the FINA (Federation Internationale de Natation) and by the LEN (Ligue Europeenne de Natation). The Swimming Masters competitions are divided in age groups, starting at the age of 25, as follows: 25-29 years, 30-34 years, 35-39 years etc.

Aim: In this paper we wish to present a study on reduction of swimming speed in relation to age, in breaststroke men competitions (50 m, 100 m, and 200 m).

Methods: We analyzed the swimming speed for Masters Swimmers in a long swimming pool for the following events: 50 m, 100 m, 200 m – man breaststroke. The reference speed for each age group was calculated as the mean of the best 10 times obtained for that certain category.

Results: For competitors aged 60-69 the speed decreases reaching about 80-60% of the maximum speed, and it reaches 80% of the maximum value at ages that range from 70 to 84 years old. After 85 the speed decreases up to 30% to 58% of the maximum speed.

Conclusion: In breaststroke men events the speed at which master competitors swim decreases with age. Regarding the values of speed dependent on age and type of event we can state that it decreases more abruptly for older age in shorter distance events.

Medical recovery practices have welcomed more and more patients complaining about moderate or intense low back pain.

Aim: This paper aims to demonstrate the efficiency of successive magnetic induction therapy on low back pain syndrome. We assume that the use of successive magnetic induction in the treatment of patients with low back pain will reduce significantly the pain manifestations at this level.

Methods: The study was conducted on 30 patients who displayed important low back pain and decreased lumbar spine mobility. The therapy applied – super inductive system – reduced significantly the pain threshold of these patients and improved the lumbar spine mobility, implicitly.

Results: In order to highlight the results, we interpreted graphically the values of the initial and final testing using the Microsoft Office Excel. There is no doubt that the mobility of the lumbar spine of patients improved considerably, some patients reported that their pain disappeared altogether, while others reported only a mild discomfort.

Conclusion: This study stands to highlight the efficiency of the Super Inductive System, a fact confirmed by the comparison between initial and final results.

Aim: The purpose of this paper is to present a complicated case of a 2.8 year-old child with knee synovitis of unknown etiology which complicated in a very short time by the appearance of an ankylosis. The removal of the cast after 3 weeks revealed stiffness in flexion of the affected knee. Neither physiotherapy nor attempts to mobilize under anesthesia, led to the expected results. Consequently, the patient was referred to a surgery service for the adherence removal by arthrotomy. During the following 5 months, new complications developed due to a double tibia and peroneal fracture. After the consolidation of the fractures, both the therapist and the recovery protocol were changed.

Method: For one and a half years, the child followed two weekly recovery sessions consisting in physiotherapy and massage. At home the child did an exercise program under parental supervision and worn an orthosis.

Results: At the end of the rehabilitation program we noticed the restoring the normal amplitude of all the lower limb joints, restoring the muscular strength of the lower limb, and normal course resumption.

Conclusion: In addition to the need for a correct diagnosis of the disease, such cases also require an adequate recovery protocol, following the instructions given by the treating physician and to ensure continuity of the rehabilitation program (both in a recovery and home program), until the complete rehabilitation of the deficit.

Introduction: The second division tournament that allows the teams to move up in the first league had, at the start, the 4 best teams in the country. Taken place in Timisoara, between the 12th - 14th of May 2017, this competition gave us the possibility to follow the way in which UVT Agroland Timisoara improve its own attack. This action, according to the statisticians, had the most weight in obtaining the majority of the points.

Aim: This study estaablishes the efficiency of UVT Agroland Timisoara’s attack according to the statistics that were taken out during the 3 games when the team played in the tournament. Moreover, this study highlights the gap between the team in question and the rest of the pack. Heterogeneous in terms of age, the hitters represent both young players (15-16 years old) and also experience ones (28-30 years old). This aspect was managed very well by the head coach who created a perfect connection between young and veteran players.

Metods: For carrying out this study we used the following research methods: study of the literature, observational methods, mathematical and statistical methods.

Results: In the wining sets the efficiency of the attack was 68% and on the losing sets the attack was just 45%. The average winning points of the opposing team is 17 points per set. This is an indication that the team in question (UVT Agroland Timisoara) wins relatively easy the sets that were monitored.

Conclusion: We found that the best efficiency of the attack was 79% in the winning sets. Second best was 62% in the sets that were won very hard. And the lowest efficiency was 46% in the sets that were won relatively easy. This variation of efficiency of the attack is due to some imperfections of the actions prior completing the point, and also the relaxation of the players who think that opposing team is proven to be inferior.

Introduction: The great changes that occurred in the domain of sports and physical education requested the formation of a high qualified human resource. The concept of sport science greatly supported and promoted within European academic area was adopted also by Physical Education and Sport Faculty of The Timisoara West University (PESF-TWU) that has aligned its educational offer by developing the Master degree program in the field of Fitness and Motric Performance (FMPM). Thus, the framework for preparing a highly qualified human resource, capable to adjust to the changes of the labor market was established.

Aim: The aim of this pilot study was to analyze the dynamics of the professional insertion journey of FMPF Alumni. We evaluated the following category of parameters: alumni demographic indices, education level and parameters that characterize the job insertion.

Results: The data analysis showed a significant increase of the alumni during the last 5 years with a particular dynamics of age distribution during the study period: 80% of the participants were included in the 28-31 years of age category. The evaluation of dynamics during the years revealed that extreme age categories: 24-27 years and > 31 years presented a constant increase during the years comparing to the most representative age category. In terms of education, over 50% of the Alumni followed complementary courses and specializations in order to increase their expertise with an interesting gender distribution in favor of male group (male: 74% vs. female: 26%, p< 0.0001). Referring to the parameters that characterize job insertion data showed an increased speed in terms of first job employment: 82% of the Alumni were employed within a 6 month interval after graduation and only 3.8% of the Alumni are jobless even after 3 years.

Conclusion: The results of this pilot study indicate that FMPM Alumni are well trained and able to adapt to the specific labor market needs in the field of sports and physical activity and education, suggesting that PESF-TWU through its education programs respects the high standards of performance promoted by the TWU.

Objectives: To establish the physical condition of “Aurel Vlaicu” Arad University' students, in relation with declared weekly physical activity, assuming that there are statistically significant differences between BMI, recreational physical activities and performances of the monitored samples according to physical condition standards data.

Subjects. A number of 1169 students were evaluated, male (n=539), female (n=630), with gender median age: male 22.55y ± 5.59y, female 21.61y ± 4.87y.

Methods: Anthropometric parameters (height, weight, BMI) were measured. Also, the following tests were performed: running speed (S), standing long jump (LJ), pushup (P), trunk lift (TL), Home Step Test (HST); and questionnaire DWPA (declared weekly physical activities). The data was processed with SPSS 14.0 for Windows and MedCalc.

Results: By associating the declared weekly exercise with cardiovascular capacity, we found that although there is a positive correlation, for the results of the HST and the frequency of the declared weekly exercise this correlation is insignificant.

Conclusions: Those who tend to exercise for more than twice a week have small cardiovascular endurance and low level motor skills. This suggests that exercise intensity is inadequate and does not lead to morphological and functional adaptive changes in the cardiopulmonary system, nor do they improve the students’ motor skills. The absence of proper physical condition, in addition to the mostly sedentary nature of future graduates’, jobs increases the risk of occurrence of diseases associated with physical inactivity.

Human being's existence is closely related to communication, how the individual interacts and interacts with others. By communicating, an individual conveys information and interests, attitudes, values, beliefs and feelings, sharing them with others, thus creating a contexture of relationships. Communication means not only speaking, writing, but also silencing, listening or acting. Both the patient and the physiotherapist communicate verbally, non-verbal and paraverbal to respond to and understand the behavior of the communication partner. In addition to professional skills, acquiring communication skills by physiotherapist can lead to patient adherence and satisfaction to the therapeutic program.

Aim: In this paper, we aim to highlight the important aspects of the verbal, non-verbal and paraverbal skills of the physical therapist to promote communication with the patient in the therapeutic relationship.

Methods: Literature review was the method of this study and were considered eligible only articles with statistically significant data.

Results: Verbal communication essentially validates the message transmitted, non-verbal skills confirm and at the same time strongly influence communication partners. By form, paraverbal and non-verbal communication are concurrent with the verbal, respectively confirming it, but by content and interpretation, they can give other meanings to the relationship.

Knee osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by cartilage degeneration and hypertrophic lesions of the epiphyseal bone. It is a disabling condition that causes difficulties of locomotion and severe complications in case of inappropriate treatment. There is growing evidence proving the beneficial effects of using platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis.

The aim of the present paper is to review the recent scientific literature on the treatment of knee osteoarthritis with platelet-rich plasma presenting the current opinion on this subject.

Methods: We analys several studies about PRP who were identified using online databases: EBSCO, ScienceDirect, Scopus and PubMed.

Results: After the primary analysis we selected a total of 23 relevant studies. The analysis focused on different PRP administration techniques and methods used in knee osteoarthritis.

Conclusions: PRP is most widely used in incipient and moderate symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Most studies show a significant decrease in pain and significant improvement in joint functionality. These results were mostly obtained after a short follow-up period (6 months-1 year) and also this treatment has a small number of side effects.

Sports values are those through which the human being attempts to develop under the rules, decisions, regulations, laws drafted by national or international organizations and accepted by each athlete.

In the physical education lesson, when one or more values are appropriated, becoming convictions, they particularly structure the student's behavior, child's behavior and constitute an authentic leader of the actions and the way they are. Athletic activity is the only way to systematically and continuously develop sporting values and the desire to compete induced in the physical education lesson where students receive a knowledge system that forms a true theory of competition - all in the spirit of friendship, knowledge and mutual respect based on human being dignity.

The aim of our approach is to educate children with universal values, Olympic values, and create a selfless, proactive, collaborative behavior that removes hierarchy.

At the basis of education in the spirit of universal values will be sports games with modified rules.

At the basis of the study, the survey method was based on a questionnaire and the analysis combined the qualitative and the quantitative interpretation.

The results of the study point to the need to educate children through the means of action specific to physical education and sport, implicit of universal ones.

Introduction: Swimming, as an activity, covers many of the basic humanistic needs by creating a state of wellbeing as well as help form a holistic person by developing their motor skills, cognition and affection through the stresses of training for competition or just by practicing for recreational purposes. Various scientific studies show the importance of the motor skill component when selecting those fit for competitive swimming. Additionally, there are other studies that demonstrate that swimming can have an anthropometric effect over the body. The purpose of our study was to test if an initiation level swimming course would produce a development of basic motor skills in children between the ages of 6 to 8.

Methodology and Participants: for this study we recruited 10 participants out of which 5 were girls and the remaining 5 were boys. Their age (7,1±0,73) is between 6 and 8 where two of the children are 6 years of age, five are 7 years of age and the last three are 8 years of age. In order to conduct the study, we employed a set of tests that rely on 7 events extracted from the stock of EUROFIT tests.

Results: the final results show that the participants have improved their performances with strong statistical significance.

Conclusions: Undergoing an initiation level swimming course results in a noticeable development of motor skills as well as from the homogeneity of the group, which is considerably improved at final testing.

The teaching discipline entitled the Training of the body expression sums those activities that imply the body and which come in varied forms, both as motor structures and as functional features. In the following, we will try to bring arguments in support of the idea that body education (Physical Education) should be the starting point for the Stage Movement (The training of the body expression), first of all, but also for other disciplines of movement, included in the Actor’s Art curriculum (pantomime, fencing, dance).

We note that the physical action in the K. Stanislavski's system expresses the same meaning as the motor action in the field of Physic Education, consisting in accomplishing a task with the help of the skeletal muscles, mainly, of the physical exercise. We sense here, the link between the Stanislavski's system and the Physical Education, link that is achieved, mainly through physical exercise. And this is how, to the question “What is the first thing in the actor's work of preparing for a role?”, K. Stanislavski is in his right to assert, after a long experience of artist-researcher, that “the most appropriate and efficient procedure for preparing a role is the approach to the role with the help of physical exercise”.

The aim of the research was to develop a methodology for the development of resistance motric quality, using dynamic games, these means of education being specific to the children enrolled at primary school level in the 2nd class.

In this work we intended to emphasize that if we will conduct, for 10 weeks, one weekly physical education and sports lesson with pupils aged between 8 and 10, a lesson in addition to the two activities provided in the curriculum, in which to use dynamic games that aim at increasing the effort capacity, we will achieve an improvement in motor capacity, with emphasis on motor strength.

The research was carried out in several stages: a first stage in which the bibliographic study of the specialized literature was carried out, a stage in which the initial evaluation was carried out, a stage of application of the stimulus program with specific means, a final evaluation stage of the subjects and a stage of processing the collected data and formulating the conclusions. The sample of the survey was made up of 30 pupils at the level of primary education in the 2nd grade, aged between 8 and 10 years. The 30 pupils were divided into two distinct groups in terms of gender, consisting of 15 boys and 15 girls. In the research were used four resistance evaluating tests.

The stimulus program consisted of a weekly physical education lesson for 10 weeks, lessons in which pupils played 20 games. Comparing the values recorded by the pupils in the initial assessment with the values recorded in the final assessment, it was concluded that all pupils had better values in the tests that concerned the motor quality of the resistance.

The aim of the research was to emphasize the incidence of spine deficiencies in students with intellectual disabilities involved in the recovery program within the kinetotherapy classes carried out in special schools in Bucharest.

We wanted to point out that among the two categories of children with disabilities enrolled in special education from Bucharest (children with mild / moderate intellectual disabilities and children with serious / severe / profound intellectual disabilities) there are no statistical differences related to the incidence of spine deficiencies.

Research sample consisted of students enrolled in special education from 11 schools. Thus there were formed two groups of students: students with mild / moderate intellectual disabilities and children with serious / severe / profound intellectual disabilities. Another criterion for forming working groups was the school level. Thus, each category was divided into subjects enrolled in primary education and subjects enrolled in secondary education.

The comparison made between the groups revealed that in terms of the incidence of spine deficiencies there is correlation between the type of physical deficiency and the degree of disability.

Starting from the theoretical assumptions regarding the fact that the sustained physical effort had repercussions on the mental dimensions and starting from the findings that I came across in practice regarding the fact that the mental state of the athletes varied in time during an endurance test, the aim of the present research was to investigate the effect of stress caused by sustained physical effort specific to endurance tests on the psychological dimensions – in the case of former athletes. The attaining of the set goal was observed through a small scale experimental study case (two subjects of different age). They were involved in an endeavour for establishing a record for sailing the Danube in recreational kayaks provided with space for luggage; random accommodation. During that expedition, a series of mental characteristics of the participants were measured: emotional stability, anxiety level and degree of optimism. The research pointed out the different adaptive capacity of each individual, regardless of age, experience and personality.

The problem of the native player in the Romanian basketball generated a lot of pros and cons. To take a stand in this issue, in order to protect the Romanian player, starting with the 2015-2016 season, the Romanian Basketball Federation introduced the rule of presence of the local player on the court at each official match. Thus, at Romanian Cup matches, at least two Romanian players must be permanently on the court, and at the National League matches there must be at least one Romanian player at all times.

Starting from the hypothesis that the value of the national team increases through the first echelon, this study aims to analyze and compare the game parameters registered in the National Men’s Basketball League (LNBM) and those made by the national team of Romania at Eurobasket 2017.

Postural balance plays an important role in high performance sports. The line between success and failure may be decided at such a small scale. In handball, postural balance may affect the accuracy of every technique that a played use, especially the throwing of the ball towards the goal. Our study aimed to identify the degree of influence that izometric effort has over the balance stance during a handball throw. Subjects: 210 1^st year students from the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Babeș-Bolyai University from Cluj-Napoca, were involved in this study. The subjects were both male and female, with the ages between 18 and 21 years old, with and without former performance athlete background. Materials: We’ve conducted the balance test using the AMTI NETforce BP 400600 force platform and the actual isometric exercises were completed in the same laboratory. Two types of planks and a half-squat were used as the isometric exercises. Results: There was no significant statistical difference between the balance variables before and after isometric exercises while holding the ball in hand. There was a significant statistical difference between the displacement before and after for the position without the ball. Conclusion: There is no impact of the isometric effort over the balance stance while holding the handball ball in the throwing position. We’ve identified a strong relation between the isometric effort and the balance stance without the ball in hand.

This study aims to identify if there is a relation between postural balance and the accuracy of 7 meters throws in handball. There is an increase need to improve the success of the 7 meters throw, due to its impact regarding a win or loss over the past years during high-end competitions. Subjects: 173 subjects were involved in this study, 123 males and 50 females with the ages between 18 and 21 years old. Materials: We’ve conducted the balance test using the AMTI NETforce BP 400600 force platform and for the accuracy test we’ve conducted a shooting trial that quantified the spread of a series of throws from the 7 meters mark. We’ve observed the radial dislocation, area and length of the center of pressure for the balance test and for the shooting trial we’ve measured the distance of the throw from a preset spot. Results: There were no correlation between the important factors of balance like Dislocation, Area, Length, and throwing percentage for the Circle, Area 1, Area 2, Missed balls. Instead, between the 3 important factors of balance, there are strong and positive correlations, drawing the conclusion that when we have big numbers for center of gravity deviations, total trajectory (cm²) and the area values, the chances to score a goal from 7 meters are lower. Conclusions: The results of the study confirm the hypothesis. The objectives for a future study is to find ways/methods to improve the general balance, in order to increase the efficiency for the 7 meters throwing.

Aim: the purpose of our study was to analyze the effect of a physical activity program on the quality of life of adult women. Methods: The study involved 95 adult women from Oradea, practitioners of physical exercises in a fitness center. Period of the study: February 2015 - June 2016. Anthropometric measurements were made (height, weight) and it was calculated the body mass index (BMI). The SF-36 short form questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life. The physical activity program consisted of Step - aerobics, Pilates and strength training in the gym, 3 times a week for 60-90 minutes, for 12 months.

Results: BMI revealed that of the 95 women enrolled in the initial evaluation 71% were normal weight, 16% were overweight, 8% underweight, 4% obese class I and 1% obese class II. At the final assessment 74% were normal weight, 13% were overweight, 9% underweight, 4% obese class I and no one had class II obesity. The analysis of the answers to the questionnaire revealed the following: the initial average quality of life score was 85.01 and the final score was 89.40; the initial average score of the physical health component was 87.54 and the final score was 92.10; the initial average score of the mental health component was 82.48 and the final score was 86.69.

Conclusion: Applying the physical activity program for 12 months led to an improvement in the quality of life, so we can conclude that practicing physical exercise on a regular basis has the effect of increasing the quality of life.

Objective: This study focuses on the possible associations between the trunk asymmetry (TA) and different risk factors, such as: Body Mass Index (BMI), place of residence (rural/urban area), the gender of the subjects and the level of the physical activity.

Methods: The data for this study was obtained from a cross-sectional survey of school children carried out in 2015 in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. In this study 487 pupils (260 boys and 227 girls) aged 10-15 years were included. The angle of trunk rotation (ATR) was obtained from scoliometer readings. The level of the physical activity was calculated from the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children. The statistical analysis was carried out on the obtained mean values (independent sample t-test, paired-sample t-test, ANOVA), and the relation between variables was analyzed by the Pearson correlation coefficient.

Results: In case of subjects from urban area the degree of TA was 2.75º(±2.85º), and in case of those from rural area 2.09º(±2.23º), t= 2.813, p = 0.005. The TA was lower in subjects who live in rural area, in houses: 2.07º(±2.21), than in case of those who live in flats in urban area: 2.86º(±2.94), (p = 0.032 ). The level of physical activity in case of boys is higher than in case of girls (boys 2.82±(0.68), girls 2.62(±0.67)). The Pearson correlation test did not find any correlation between the angle of trunk rotation and the level of physical activity: r= 0.000, p = 0.998. The degree of TA is higher in case of girls, than in case of boys (girls 2.88º(±2.91º), boys 2.19º(±2.38º)), t = - 2.601, p = 0.010. However, we found small correlation between the BMI and the TA in case of boys who have a degree of trunk asymmetry ≥5º: r = - 0.289, p = 0.044.

Conclusions: The study revealed the lack of correlation between the TA and BMI, place of residence and the level of physical activity practiced. However, in case of boys we found a small correlation between the BMI and sever asymmetry.

Nutrition and physical activity are external factors that contributes to the health of young people.Eating too abundant and a short time allocated to physical activity are risk factors for obesity.

Material and Methods: The study was conducted on a group of 79 pupils from the 9th, 10th and 11th grade. To this it was considered the time allotted daily to physical activity (less than 15 min, 15 - 45 minutes, 45 minutes) and were evaluated with a habitsquestionnaire of consumption frequency.Final evaluation will be made separately by class.

Results and Discussion: In most cases young allocate exercise between 15-45 minutes/day (58.22%).Calculated differences are not statistically significant (p> 0.05, fl = 4, χ² = 7.390) and highlights the lack of concern for the physical activity of the students. Dominant contribution of milk and cheese is just 2-3 times/week and is totally insufficient and potatoes all 2-3 times/week.Instead sweets are consumed 4-7 times/week (64.55%), by two thirds of the young people surveyed. Conclusions: they eat more sweets and do insufficient sport so there are favorable conditions for obesity in the adolescents from the study group.

The present research aims to identify and justify adequate forms to practice physical exercises, curricular and extracurricular, that lead to effective results in combating obesity in middle school students. The study group consisted of 12 female subjects, pupils of middle school age from rural areas. The experiment was conducted during seven months, including an initial test in October and a final one in May. The final results show a clear improvement in the value of the body mass index (BMI) of subjects involved in the experiment. Therefore, it is proposed to use the physical program from the experiment in order to decrease weight, in overweight or obese pupils in middle schools.

Introduction A child turns into a well-defined personality after a long educational process based on a curriculum, a process that is the first step on a learning path. The kindergarten, as Florinda Golu states, is “the first institution that ensures an intense learning process through a methodic activity framed in a play, effort, and interrelation regimen. This leads to acquisitions and progress in the cognitive, affective and psychomotor fields of a pre-school child”.

The aim of this paper is to amend the instructive and educational process at pre-school level by developing the psychomotor activities/physical education (PE) lessons through using the physical exercises as a main resort for a harmonious physical development.

Materials and methods The experiment took place at the P.P. no.9 Kindergarten during the 2015-2016 school year, and included 30 children from the upper preschool group, 17 girls and 13 boys, aged 5-6. The test used included the following: somatic evaluation and motricity evaluation.

Conclusion After applying the motricity evaluation content proposed in the paper, and after the initial and final testing (five motricity tests), we were able to see an amendment in the indices we tested for, and through direct observation we detected a “self-overcoming” will power in the children. These aspects validate the proposed hypothesis. The progress was materialized in: number of repetitions, centimeters, and number of points scored – they further strengthened our determination that balanced physical development exercises at this age (5-6) have a positive influence on the correct posture of children, that they make up the basis of general movement, and that they enhance the values of motricity indexes.

Growth and development are processes characterizing in the early years of a person. There are some differences in the evolution of these two processes dependent on the sex of the person and the family of origin. Material and Methods: The study was conducted on a sample of 81 students of 5th class coming from two villages in Botosani County. It was assessed physical development (using national reference values) and motor skills (number of elements) from scoring scales. The study was conducted on two different communities and sex. Processing of the results was performed using Pearson Test. Results and Discussion: height dominant values are average (49.38%), calculated on communities and sex differences were not statistically significant. Weight most frequently average (49.38%), not statistically significant differences calculated. Diagnosis of physical development highlights the existence of harmony in 54.32% cases. The maximum vote on pushups appears only in 17.28% cases. Differences calculated on sex are statistically significant at p <0.01 (fl = 3, χ² = 8.001) and indicate that there are quicker progress of female students in which puberty occurs earlier and is accompanied by better motor skills. Conclusions: In interpreting the results of students in sports trials should consider a number of factors and not just one.

The aim of the study is to assess the effectiveness of world-class offensive players over a period of two years, players who have qualified and participated in the Rio 2016 Olympic Games and also in the 2017 Volleyball World League. The variables used for this comparison are: the height of the players, the spot for striking the ball, the number of attacks made in each match, the number of points awarded after attacks, while considering for analysis the outside hitter and opposite positions. High-performance players record 250-300 shares in a 5-set match, about 269 jumps, the center player about 223 jumps, the outside hitter around 197, and the opposite 128 jumps, resulting in an average of 194 jumps, according to Piucco T, Santos S., (2009). Success in sports games especially in high-performance competitions is determined by the mental ability of the player that ensures personal efficiency.

Dynamic games can contribute to the growth of the efficiency, motivation in developing the quality of the movement for children with special educational needs, if the psycho-physiological particularities in the training of these children are followed, if the most efficient methods and means of achieving the purpose, a good staging of the training process with a proper dosage of the effort and with a growth of the quality in organizing and leading the activity are used.

The purpose of the paper was to select among the movement games the most efficient ones for the developing of the movement quality, to explain them during physical education classes and the obtained results to demonstrate their efficiency in achieving the goal. To achieve this study, we started from the following hypothesis: we assume that by predominantly using the dynamic games during the physical education classes we can achieve a growth of the indices of the movement quality in children with special educational needs.

Methods and materials: In this aspect, we built a set of tests (Long jump, speed running – 50 meters, Shuttle run 5x10m, throwing rounders ball) with which we operated in two periodical assessments during an entire school year.

The place of this study was at the “St. Andrew” Inclusive Education Scholar Center from Gura Humorului. These two classes of students had one weekly hour of physical education in their timetable.

Results and conclusions: Using the results of the physical assays as reference elements, the accumulations of the pupils during the research concerning the movement quality had emerged.

In conclusion, if age and individual particularities of the pupils, didactical canons are followed, if proper preparatory games are selected and the planned activity happens in a systematic way with responsibility, the results won’t hesitate to appear.

This research aims at highlighting the level of body image perception in Babeş-Bolyai University students in Cluj-Napoca depending on the frequency of practicing physical activities. For this study, 465 questionnaires were applied to students from 13 faculties. The respondents' age was between 18 and 40 years old, most of them ages 19-21. For the statistical data processing, the statistical analysis program SPSS 20 was used and the graphical representations were made using the Microsoft EXCELL 2007 version. To quantify the body image, we used the modified Offer Scale [4]: I kept the first 4 items from the original 5-item scale. The value of the coefficient F = 3,292 at a significance threshold p = 0.038 shows that there is a significant difference between the average scores of body perception based on the frequent or rare of the practicing of physical and sports activities. Reported to the entire sample, it follows that more frequent sports activities determine a more positive body image.

Aim. Scientific data show an increase in infantile overweight and obesity cases, which results in illness and social problems, thus a lower quality of life. The main causes for this situation are the lack of physical activity, the nutritional behavior and emotional stress. Our attention focused on observing the group’s social behavior at the end of the implementation of a program which integrated physical activity, a healthy nutritional behavior and social activities.

Methods. The case study started by abstracting information from scientific publications for a better understanding of the phenomena. The research used the survey method for analyzing the groups’ (n=14) social dynamics throughout the implementation of a physical activity program for children aged 8 to 12.

Results. By comparing the initial and final results of the survey, an improvement of the social relations inside the subjects’ group can be observed.

Conclusion. The main knowledge gained from this experiment is the confirmation that through the implementation of strategies that include physical activities, a strict nutritional behavior and social activities, we can improve a group’s cohesion and thus contribute to the increase of the quality of life for children aged 8 to 12 years old, although the evaluation of other aspects like the evolution of physical and mental fitness throughout such a program is needed.

This study aims to identify mechanisms responsible for the achievements in the artistic gymnastics performance. The main mechanisms we have considered a priori as being mechanisms of change were: anxiety for high performance sport, general self-efficacy, specific self-efficacy in gymnastics, motivation in high performance sport, emotional skills and social skills. Gymnasts from 3 national clubs attended this study. The gymnasts were distributed in 3 lots. The subjects are between 8 and 10 years. Since this study aimed to monitor certain psychological variables and one of the participating group received psychological counseling, before intervention we submitted screening questionnaires related to emotional and behavioral disorders to all groups.

All gymnasts attending the study received questionnaires related to each mechanism monitored both in the beginning and at the end of the emotional development program. During the study the gymnasts were distributed in three lots as follows: the first lot received in addition to classical training methods, an emotional training program and a complex technical training program; the second lot received the same complex technical training program as the first lot; and the third lot did not receive intervention program and the gymnasts were trained following the traditional training program. We have analyzed the results using the procedure described by Weersing, V.R. and Weisz, J.R. [19]: the Efficiency Test, the Specificity of Intervention Test, Mechanisms of Change Test; Mediation Test.

In our present paper we will try to illustrate, for the benefit of those directly involved such as players, teachers and game leaders - some aspects that, by defining new game and training concepts dedicated to juniors II, could prove essential to the progress and present development of volleyball.

Based on existing facts, we consider that our present research is necessary and modern at the same time, because of the evolution of volleyball as a sport, and due to the belief that our hypothesis has both theoretical value with consistent chances of generalization, and practical value with immediate applicability, too. Another argument would be the fact that finding adequate solutions for increasing defence efficiency could also lead to great results, since a proper defence strategy has, in most cases, a decisive influence upon the results at the end of the game.

Our present endeavour falls into the categories of volleyball theory and method, and we pledge to bring our modest contribution to the development of theoretical material useful to volleyball specialists, that could also help reinventing this particular sport discipline in our country.

The purpose of the research is to optimize the development of high school students' resistance through integrated work using means and methods specific to football. Experimental verification of the effectiveness of the specific means of football playing in the development of high school students' resistance. The experiment was carried out on 681 subjects. For the development of resistance, the independent variable was implemented in the subjects of the experimental sample. All subjects were predictive and summative in the 10 samples: three motor samples, three functional samples and four somatic samples. The specific methods used in the experiment for the development of resistance were based on uniform efforts, varying intervals and efforts, with appropriate dosages leading to progress.

In the final evaluation, the subjects of the experimental sample and of the reference sample progressed towards the predictive assessment, but those of the experimental sample progressed more than the subjects of the reference sample to all the samples and tests given. The effectiveness of implementing the independent experimental variable in the experimental sample subjects was 61% compared to the subjects of the reference sample. In the experiment, we used the statistical-mathematical method using arithmetic mean, median, modulus, standard deviation, amplitude, mean error, variability coefficient, Student test, Pearson correlation coefficient, Epsilon test and Z test. Higher progress in the subjects of the experimental sample. The difference between the mean of the experimental sample and the reference sample was significant at the significance threshold p <0, 05, with a probability of 95%. The value of the Pearson correlation coefficient is very high (between 0.9 and 1) to 83.33% of high cases (between 0.7 and 0.9) to 13.88% and mean (between 0.5 and 0, 7) in 2.79% of cases, meaning that the results obtained at each sample are significant. The progress of the subjects in the experimental sample was superior to the progress of the reference sample, so we can state that the dependent variable is significant, the assumptions of the research are verified and validated.

Introduction. Obesity is a disorder characterized by an amount of body fat over the normal limits. This could be reduced when there are no metabolic disorders with good alimentation and increasing the level of physical activity. In prevention of childhood obesity beside the institution on the field that has the obligation to promote a healthy lifestyle, parents have the main role. They are responsible for the food that their children get and also for their teaching for a healthy lifestyle. However, many times, the parents’ attitude beside the obesity is inappropriate for various reasons. One of them is the fact that parents don’t perceive correctly their children body weight.

The aim of this study is to assess the way a group of parents who have children enrolled to sports activity perceive their children body weight. We also wanted to check the way in which these perceptions are associated with possible attempts to lose weight.

Participants and methods: In this study we evaluated 62 girls (average age: 10.29±1.32 years), these being enrolled to a private volleyball club from Timisoara. Testing protocol consisted in height measurement, evaluation of body composition and completing of a questionnaire by parents.

Results. In the current research, there exist a few significant differences between the body mass index that was considered the base on which the children were put into different weight categories and the parent’s perception on the body weight of their own children; 38.7 % of the total of the children that were measured were overweight or obese and only 8.04 % were involved in a program that helps weight loss.

Conclusion. The vast majority of questioned parents underestimated the real body weight of their children, choosing an inferior weight category, inferior to the real one. These perception errors of the parents affect the level of concern regarding the body weight of the children and, thus, the optimal attitude concerning it.

Introduction: Unlike other team sports on the court, volleyball lacks physical contact between players, the teams being separated by the net. However, lower limb injuries take place during spiking and blocking trough unintentional and illegal intrusion of a player in the opponent’s court. Due to the specificity of the game, the joints of the upper limbs are also subject to overload.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the international literature on injury and trauma in performance volleyball.

Methods: We analysed several studies about injuries in performance volleyballwhich were identified using online databases: Google Scholar, EBSCO, Springer, Elsevier, and Scopus.

Results: The injury patternshows the ankle sprain as being by far the most common injury in volleyball with a percentage of 31.9%. The knee is the second most injured anatomic site, 17.38% of injuries affecting this joint. Third most frequent injury affects the fingers 13.44%, followed by lower back 12,38% andshoulder trauma 12.18%. The hand is injured in 6.97%, while other injuries were found in 5.25% of cases.

Conclusions: The need for in depth analysis of volleyball injuries still persists. Analysing the literature we are comming to understand the mechanisms that produce the injuries with the purpose of finding metods to avoid these unfortunate events before they happen. It is no longer enough to recover from an injury, it must be prevented entirely if possible. Time spent by a player recovering may negatively affect the team's performance.

Injury prevention measures must occupy an important place in training. Coaches should take into acount all the factors that influence injury incidence and design the training plan accordingly.

Culture is considered the vector that influences directly management activity, which must be carried out efficiently and in a professional manner, in order to obtain performances. Knowledge of the models of cultural analysis, elaborated by researchers such as: G. Hofstede, F. Trompenaars, Ed. Hall, etc. constitute a manager’s support to understand cultural specificity and location, be this a country, a region, or an area, in which he or she operates or will operate. Training managers from a cultural point of view has become an important requirement nowadays in Romania, irrespective of whether they work in organisations abroad or in various cultural areas in Romania.

Lactacid anaerobic efforts are frequently encountered in the practice of physical exercises by amateur athletes, while the modification of heart rate in such activities differs from one athlete to another, mainly depending on the training level. The purpose of the paper is to monitor the heart rate in lactacid anaerobic effort and to highlight the immediate modification caused by effort. 15 male amateur athletes performed the race of 200 m, at peak intensity. The modification of heart rate during effort, in 13 of the athletes, did not reach Hrmax calculated by the formula 220 – age, but it exceeded in case of two of the research subjects.

Background. The purpose of the study was to realize the priorities in physical, technical and tactical training for junior football players. Moreover, preparing of the content was intended to optimize the use the most efficient methods and means for increasing the efficiency of speed and skill during the training and games.

Objectives. Data were collected from 18 junior football players, with ages ranging from 14-15 years, members of the ACS Unirea (C) Tritenii de Jos team. The subjects were tested three times during the whole training stage, pre, middle and post-training examinations being performed. The three examinations consisted of 5 tests each: 50-meter sprint, standing long jump, 2000 meter running, maintaining the ball in the air and leading the ball through markers.

Methods. Specific methods for developing the speed used in the study are based on repetitions (specific efforts at maximum or submaximal speed, under usual, relieved, severe conditions), on various efforts and intervals. Skill development methods took into account the complexity of coordinating action movements and the spatial, temporal, and motion force precision. For developing motor skills, the authors used the interval and circuit training.

Results. All the participants attained higher levels of performance, both at the second and third examination, on each of the 5 tests. Data collected were analyzed using the One –Way ANOVA statistical procedure, which compares the results obtained by one single group of subjects. This procedure revealed, at a significant level of confidence, that the mean of the performance enhancement reached 50 percents along the one-year training stage.

Conclusions. The research has shown that, by giving a more significant share of the best methods and means for developing the speed and skill in the physical training of junior footballers, the increase in the performance of these motor skills is significant.