<abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The aim of this study is to develop a sensitive HPLC method for the quantitative determination of cytisine in serum and to characterize the pharmacokinetic behaviour of cytisine after oral and intravenous administration in rabbits. The pharmacokinetic behaviour of cytisine is studied in male and female New Zealand rabbits after oral and intravenous administration. Cytisine is administered orally (dose of 5 mg/kg b.w.) under fasting condition (12 hours) and intravenously (dose 1 mg/kg b.w.) in the marginal ear vein. Cytisine serum concentrations are measured using a highly selective and sensitive validated HPLC method with UV detection. Linearity of the method is in the range 12-2 400 μg/L; accuracy and precision are both within ± 10%, and the limit of detection is 4 μg/L. Selectivity and stability are also validated. Basic pharmacokinetic parameters of cytisine after single oral and intravenous administration are calculated using TOPFIT software. Pharmacokinetic analysis suggests a rapid but incomplete absorption of cytisine after oral administration.</abstract>

Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria

Central Laboratory of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexander University Hospital, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria

Pharmacokinetics of cytisine after single intravenous and oral administration in rabbits

<abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Modern society is constantly increasing the volume of chemicals for everyday use, including drugs, additives, food stabilizers, cosmetics or ubiquitous by-products of the industry. More than 65,000 chemicals are in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's inventory of toxic chemicals and annually the Agency receives approximately 1,500 notices of intent to manufacture new substances. It is thus important to know what each of this compound can do to the living organism. Thanks to developmental toxicology, it has become evident that even small amounts of potentially toxic compounds introduced to the developing organism may be the cause of later morbidity. This phenomenon is known as developmental origins of health and diseases (DOHaD). It is therefore very important to understand the potential risks. Toxicology is interdisciplinary science utilizing methods and knowledge from a number of scientific fields like biology, pharmacology, biochemistry, pathophysiology, genetics, etc. Understanding the adverse effects of compounds in the environment may influence our everyday decisions and might shift the course of our life toward happiness.One of the goals of the Slovak Toxicology Society SETOX, together with the Institute of Experimental Pharmacology &amp; Toxicology SASc., Bratislava, is to impart scientific knowledge and experience to the public, and especially to the young generation. This group has definitely the greatest potential to materialize positive changes in our environment and to promote the protection of our planet. Every experience matters, every encounter, knowledge, situation or person might change our perspective. Thus to pass on knowledge and to educate the young generation is a matter of utmost importance.</abstract>

Editorial

<abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">A range of pesticides is widely used in pest management and the chances of exposure to multiple organophosphorus (OP) compounds simultaneously are high, especially from dietary and other sources. Although health hazards of individual OP insecticides have been relatively well characterized, there is lesser information on the interactive toxicity of multiple OP insecticides. The aim of this study is to elicit the possible interactions in case combined exposure of an OP pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) and a plant growth regulator ethephon (ETF) which are used worldwide. The ileum segments of 3 months old Wistar Albino male rats were used in isolated organ bath containing Tyrode solution. ETF and CPF were incubated (10-7 M concentration) separately or in combination with each other to ileum and their effects on acetylcholine-induced contractions were studied. The data obtained from this study show that, single and combined exposure to the agents caused agonistic interactions with regard to potency of ACh whereas they caused a decrease on Emax value of ACh. These findings suggest that exposure to these agents which have direct and indirect cholinergic effects, may cause developing clinical responses with small doses and earlier but the extent of toxicity will be lower.</abstract>

National Food Reference Laboratory, Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bulvari, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey

Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ankara, Diskapi, Ankara, Turkey

Investigation of <italic>in vitro</italic> effects of ethephon and chlorpyrifos, either alone or in combination, on rat intestinal muscle contraction

<abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The degradation of several high-molar-mass hyaluronan samples was investigated in the presence of ascorbic acid itself and further by an oxidative system composed of ascorbic acid plus transition metal ions, i.e. Fe(II) or Cu(II) ions. The latter oxidative system imitates conditions in a joint synovial fluid during early phase of acute joint inflammation and can be used as a model for monitoring oxidative degradation of hyaluronan under pathophysiological conditions. The system Cu(II) <italic>plus</italic> ascorbate (the Weissberger oxidative system) resulted in a more significant decrease of hyaluronan molar mass compared to the oxidative system Fe(II) plus ascorbate. Addition of manganese(II) chloride was found to decrease the rate of the oxidative damage of hyaluronan initiated by ascorbate itself and by the Weissberger system.</abstract>

Institute of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84104 Bratislava, Slovakia

Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia

Directorate Health, Directorate General Research, European Commission, B-1049, Brussels, Belgium

Protective effects of manganese(II) chloride on hyaluronan degradation by oxidative system ascorbate <italic>plus</italic> cupric chloride

<abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Cataract, the opacification of eye lens, is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. At present, the only remedy is surgical removal of the cataractous lens and substitution with a lens made of synthetic polymers. However, besides significant costs of operation and possible complications, an artificial lens just does not have the overall optical qualities of a normal one. Hence it remains a significant public health problem, and biochemical solutions or pharmacological interventions that will maintain the transparency of the lens are highly required. Naturally, there is a persistent demand for suitable biological models. The ocular lens would appear to be an ideal organ for maintaining culture conditions because of lacking blood vessels and nerves. The lens <italic>in vivo</italic> obtains its nutrients and eliminates waste products via diffusion with the surrounding fluids. Lens opacification observed <italic>in vivo</italic> can be mimicked <italic>in vitro</italic> by addition of the cataractogenic agent sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) to the culture medium. Moreover, since an overdose of sodium selenite induces also cataract in young rats, it became an extremely rapid and convenient model of nuclear cataract <italic>in vivo</italic>. The main focus of this review will be on selenium (Se) and its salt sodium selenite, their toxicological characteristics and safety data in relevance of modelling cataractogenesis, either under <italic>in vivo</italic> or <italic>in vitro</italic> conditions. The studies revealing the mechanisms of lens opacification induced by selenite are highlighted, the representatives from screening for potential anti-cataract agents are listed.</abstract>

Different experimental approaches in modelling cataractogenesis

<abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Tobacco smoking is a risk factor for variety of cardio-vascular diseases, such as hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke and many others. It is of great importance for hypertensive patients to stop smoking. One of the medicines widely used for smoking cessation in Bulgaria is the original Bulgarian product Tabex®, which is developed on the basis of natural plant alkaloid cytisine. The aim of the following study was to ivestigate the effects of cytisine on some brain and hepatic biochemical parameters in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), an widely used rodent model for human essential hypertension, and to compare the obtained results with their age-matched normotensive controls Wistar Kyoto (WKY). Multiple cytisine administration did not affect the activity of ethylmorphine-N-demethylase (EMND) and anylinehydroxylase (AH), as well as the quantity of cytochrome P 450, nor in WKY neither in SHR In the liver cytisine increased the MDA quantity both in SHR and in WKY, by 25% (<italic>p</italic>&lt;0.05) and by 29% (<italic>p</italic>&lt;0.05) respectively, while the GSH level was not significantly changed by the compound in both strains. In contrast, on the brain level, cytisine administration to SHR caused more prominent toxicity, resulted in GSH depletion and increased MDA quantity, while in WKY strain did not exert any toxicity. Cytisine did not significantly affect ALAT and ASAT activity in both strains. In conclusion, the results of our study suggest higher brain toxicity of cytisine in spontaneously hypertensive rats, that might be due to their pathophysiological characteristics.</abstract>

Effect of cytisine on some brain and hepatic biochemical parameters in spontaneously hypertensive rats

AHEAD OF PRINT

Volume 12 (2019): Issue 4 (December 2019)

Volume 12 (2019): Issue 3 (November 2019)

Volume 12 (2019): Issue 2 (October 2019)

Volume 12 (2019): Issue 1 (September 2019)

Volume 11 (2018): Issue 4 (December 2018)

Volume 11 (2018): Issue 3 (October 2018)

Volume 11 (2018): Issue 2 (August 2018)

Volume 11 (2018): Issue 1 (May 2018)

Volume 10 (2017): Issue 4 (December 2017)

Volume 10 (2017): Issue 3 (November 2017)

Volume 10 (2017): Issue 2 (October 2017)

Volume 10 (2017): Issue 1 (September 2017)

Volume 9 (2016): Issue 3-4 (December 2016)

Volume 9 (2016): Issue 2 (June 2016)

Volume 9 (2016): Issue 1 (March 2016)

Volume 8 (2015): Issue 4 (December 2015)

Volume 8 (2015): Issue 3 (September 2015)

Volume 8 (2015): Issue 2 (June 2015)

Volume 8 (2015): Issue 1 (March 2015)

Volume 7 (2014): Issue 4 (December 2014)

Volume 7 (2014): Issue 3 (September 2014)

Volume 7 (2014): Issue 2 (June 2014)

Volume 7 (2014): Issue 1 (March 2014)

Volume 6 (2013): Issue 4 (December 2013)

Volume 6 (2013): Issue 3 (September 2013)

Volume 6 (2013): Issue 2 (June 2013)

Volume 6 (2013): Issue 1 (March 2013)

Volume 5 (2012): Issue 4 (December 2012)

Volume 5 (2012): Issue 3 (September 2012)

Volume 5 (2012): Issue 2 (June 2012)

Volume 5 (2012): Issue 1 (March 2012)

Volume 4 (2011): Issue 4 (December 2011)

Volume 4 (2011): Issue 3 (September 2011)

Volume 4 (2011): Issue 2 (June 2011)

Volume 4 (2011): Issue 1 (March 2011)

Volume 3 (2010): Issue 4 (December 2010)

Volume 3 (2010): Issue 3 (September 2010)

Volume 3 (2010): Issue 2 (June 2010)

Volume 3 (2010): Issue 1 (March 2010)

Volume 2 (2009): Issue 4 (December 2009)

Volume 2 (2009): Issue 3 (September 2009)

Volume 2 (2009): Issue 2 (June 2009)

Volume 2 (2009): Issue 1 (March 2009)

Volume 1 (2008): Issue 3-4 (September 2008)

Volume 1 (2008): Issue 2 (September 2008)

Volume 1 (2008): Issue 1 (June 2008)

Interdisciplinary Toxicology

The Journal publishes Original Papers, Review Articles and Clinical Reports on research relating to the toxicity of chemicals and their mixtures at molecular, cellular, tissue, target organ and whole body level in vivo (by all routes of exposure) and in vitro/ex vivo. Focus is on all aspects of modern toxicology: studies of pharmacotoxicological and metabolic mechanisms, toxicogenomics and proteomics, pharmacokinetics, cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, organ toxicity, developmental toxicity, carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, environmental toxicity and environmental health concerning humans (including epidemiological studies), predictive toxicology, risk assessment, environmental chemistry of pesticides and dioxins,forensic toxicology and alternative toxicity testing.  Why subscribe and read   The journal aims to provide the complete and reliable source of information on current developments in the field of toxicology and related disciplines.   Why submit  The emphasis is on publishing quality articles rapidly and making them freely available to researchers worldwide. All published articles will be deposited immediately upon publication in widely and internationally recognized open access repository free of charge.  Rejection Rate   10%   Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 

Interdisciplinary Toxicology

Volume 3 (2010): Issue 1 (March 2010)

Pharmacokinetics of cytisine after single intravenous and oral administration in rabbits

Editorial

Investigation of in vitro effects of ethephon and chlorpyrifos, either alone or in combination, on rat intestinal muscle contraction

Protective effects of manganese(II) chloride on hyaluronan degradation by oxidative system ascorbate plus cupric chloride

Different experimental approaches in modelling cataractogenesis

Effect of cytisine on some brain and hepatic biochemical parameters in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Search

All Volumes and Issues in this Journal