<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The European Union is a process, not an organization, started in the 50s by a groups of visioners who thought of a long term project. The idea of the fathers of Europe, as Jean Monnet, was gradually advance in the integration proves in order to achieve such a level that would make impossible another war between National States of Europe. Economic integration has achieved great results and next steps will be social and political in order to attract the loyalty of the citizens to the integration process. Consequently, this research focusses on the necessity of integration, to some extent, the diverse national social policies in the European level, analyzing the necessities and the obstacles. Finally, the research contributes with a deep understanding of the implementation of digital solutions to solve, or avoid, problems integrating social policies within the European Union. Therefore, digitalization and its possibilities to implement a coherent, and minimum cohesive, social policy in the European level. The research introduces a new instrument, still under development, in the debate about the convenience of a Social Europe within the EU.
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Social Policy in the European Union: Genesis, Obstacles and Digital Future

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The research deals with the phenomenon of low voter turnout in European Parliament elections. The article pays attention to young first-time voters who will encounter their first European Parliament elections in June 2024. It examines their attitude to polling in the context of school activities related to public affairs implemented in the school educational activities. Based on the qualitative survey conducted on pupils aged 17-18 attending secondary schools located in ten different member countries the research tackles the question whether the public secondary education may affect the incentives of first-time voters to cast their vote in the European Parliament elections. Consequently, the research focuses on the good practices and possible stimulus given by schools that may encourage to get to vote the representatives in the European Parliament. The outcomes of the research provide suggestions to enhance the formation of voting habits of young voters and increase their interest in both national and European public affairs.
</abstract>

European Parliament Elections Incentives for First-Time Voters: Evidence from the Secondary Schools

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This article addresses the issue of establishing the legal framework for freedom of capital movement in the EU, as well as the peculiarities of the current legal regulation of freedom of capital movement between EU Member States, as well as between them and third countries. Authors examine the issues of correlation between freedom of establishment and freedom of capital movement. The restrictions on capital movement between EU Member States and between them and third countries are characterized. The case law of Court of Justice of the European Union on key issues in this area is analysed. The main trends of capital flow restrictions at the present stage are outlined, such as those emerged amidst new realities, including the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, and its impact on the processes of capital flow liberalization in the EU.
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Capital Movement Restrictions in EU Law: Retrospective and Modern Approaches, Development Trends

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The EU Funds are measure provided by the Union, whose purpose is to, in effective, fair and sustainable manner, intervene in businesses in long-lasting and sustainable way which don’t introduce undue advantage and distort the competition on relevant market. The article provides an analy sis on particular problematic aspects of EU structural at the EU level and on national level, as defined by the case-law of the Court of Justice of the EU. A case study is provided on example of Slovakia, whose performance in last two programming periods (2006–2013 and 2014–2020) was compared with those of its neighbours from V4 – Czechia, Hungary, and Poland.
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EU F unding – a Lesson (not) To Be Taught from Slovakia

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The out-of-court dispute resolution is an area of law that is coming into focus from EU law, through international treaties to national laws. In recent decades, this dynamic field of law has begun to establish itself as an important alternative to judicial dispute resolution. This is reflected in the adoption of various legal norms, with the Singapore Convention being one of the most recent significant additions to the sources of law. Out-of-court dispute resolution encompasses a wide variety of dispute resolution methods, with arbitration and mediation being the most important, as these are the only two methods of out-of-court dispute resolution that are regulated by a number of generally binding legal regulations (as well as many others). The multitude and diversity of legal regulation of arbitration and mediation, their interrelationships and mutual influence are the subject of this article..
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The Importance of the EU Law and the Law of the Member States in the Field of Out-Of-Court Dispute Resolution

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Illegal decisions and actions do not give rise to legal consequences. An annexed territory cannot receive the status of a part of an aggressor state. The question of a territorial dispute does not arise in this case. It is correct to talk about a unilateral unreasonable claim. Territory, as an integral part of the concept of state, as a criterion of statehood, has acquired special significance in the modern conditions. It is not only a natural resource (land, water, subsoil) and a space for the placement of technologies and hazardous waste. It may be considered as a line of protection. States may lay claim to one or another part of the territory of a neighboring state. The methods of territorial acquisitions of the past do not comply with the norms of modern international law.
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Title to Territory in Europe in the Context of the Russian-Ukrainian Armed Conflict: Methods, Illegal Claims and Legal Assessments

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The Directive (EU) no. 2019/1937 of the European Parliament and of the Council of October 23rd 2019 on the Protection of Persons Who Report Breaches of Union Law (further ‘the Directive’) was published on November 26th 2019 and went into effect in December of 2019. Considering its importance, the presented article deals with the issue of legal regulation of whistleblowers’ protection in both Ukraine and the Czech Republic. The existing Ukrainian legislation is not lacking certain deficiencies. First of all, there is the need to introduce a broad definition of the term “whistle blower” so that whistleblowers of violations of human rights, environmental standards, food safety and household items, public interests, etc. were also subject to protection. As for the Czech Republic, from an analysis of the Act on the Protection of Whistleblowers, it is clear that this Act is obviously a failed result of the Directive’s transposition.
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The Legal Framework of Whistleblowers’ Protection in Ukraine and in the Czech Republic

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In this article, the authors analyse problems of reimbursement of expenses for the defence lawyer’s representation in the case of a judgement of acquittal. The identification of problems is based on the analysis of EU law, ECtHR jurisprudence and the legal regulation of some European countries. During the research, it was identified that the establishment of the aforementioned right is not mandatory according to the EU law and is left to the discretion of the Member States. It was also found that realization of this right of the acquitted person often balances on the edge of the conflict between individual’s and public interest. Although the right of the acquitted person to reimbursement of the expenses for the defence lawyer’s representation is provided in all States analysed in the Article, the application of this right is quite different. In some of the analysed States, the aforementioned right is guaranteed not only to the acquitted person but also to the one in respect of who the criminal proceedings are terminated or he is partially acquitted. Taking into account the identified lack of the legal regulation in Lithuania and adopting good practices of other European countries, proposals are presented in the Article on how the legal regulation of Lithuania could be improved. According to the authors, the realization of these proposals would allow to achieve an optimal balance between the individual and public interests.
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Problems of Reimbursement of Expenses for the Defence Lawyer’s Representation in the Case of a Judgment of Acquitta l

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The article emphasises that states’ competitiveness is dependent on energy resources and that these resources have become a key component of national economic security. Consequently, this opens up new avenues for international legal cooperation in energy relations. Transporting enough oil and natural gas across the globe to meet the daily demand is an epic undertaking, that is increasing drastically. Even with the global implementation of Green Energy Policies, oil and gas companies continue to explore and acquire additional oil reservoirs. This evidence indicates that the use of carbohydrates as a source of energy will continue to be widespread and essential. The conflict has historically been a defining characteristic of transit issues between states, as mentioned in the article. In the modern era, the acquisition and transportation of energy resources frequently sparked violent conflicts and cold wars. Typically, such conflicts “emerge” in countries richer in energy resources or with a crucial role in bringing these resources to the global market. Today, the regions with the most active armed conflicts are or were at the heart of the world’s energy resources.
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Cross-border Transit of Energy Resources and Significant Matters of its Legal Regulation

AHEAD OF PRINT

Volume 10 (2023): Issue 2 (December 2023)

Volume 10 (2023): Issue 1 (December 2023)

Volume 9 (2022): Issue 2 (December 2022)

Volume 9 (2022): Issue 1 (August 2022)

Volume 8 (2021): Issue 1 (December 2021)

Volume 7 (2020): Issue 1 (December 2020)

Volume 6 (2019): Issue 1 (December 2019)

European Studies

European Studies – The Review of European Law, Economics and Politics is a peer-reviewed periodical, originally established as a year-book of the Czech Association for European Studies and Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence in EU Law at Faculty of Law, Palacký University Olomouc. Since 2022, it has been published as a semi-annual review released twice a year. The presented journal reflects the interdisciplinary character of this scientific society; therefore, it is not limited to only one discipline within the European studies; on the contrary, it pursues a multi-disciplinary approach and analyses various aspects of the European integration. That is why the concept of the journal integrates scientific articles and expertise not only from the field of European law but also from European economy, European political science, EC/EU history and other relevant disciplines relating to the analysis of supranational entities as well.  Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 