<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

With the fall of the communist dictatorship, Albania, like all countries of South Eastern Europe, started a new path towards democracy and market economy. During Albania’s transition period, the goal was to reform the ownership system and establish private property rights through a legal process. This objective was based on the principles and values of the new democratic state. Legal reforms were implemented in land privatization, housing, and state asset privatization to achieve this goal.
Since the inception of democracy, numerous individuals have settled in urban areas of the country, occupying both public and private lands and constructing settlements without the authorization of public authorities. The rise and spread of this phenomenon infringed on the principle of the rule of law and the protection of private property. Since numerous informal buildings were constructed on privately owned land, the Albanian authorities faced a significant dilemma: <italic>Is the legalization of buildings built without permission which also infringes ownership rights justified? Therefore, is it permissible to infringe on private property rights in favor of individuals who have illegally constructed and own informal buildings?</italic> This paper aims to answer these questions through a thorough analysis of legal documents of international law and the ECHR case law.
</abstract>

Ensuring the right to adequate housing through interference on property rights: The case of Albania

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More than three decades after the totalitarian regime collapse, Albania is still categorized as a hybrid democracy despite having made consistent strides toward becoming a liberal democracy. Most local political leaders have remained antagonistic towards liberal democratic principles. In 2019, relations between the European Union (EU) and Albania were at a special stage of development. After a difficult period and tensions in the EU, the European Council decided to postpone the decision to start membership talks with Albania and North Macedonia. Apart from this issue, Albania had other challenges in 2019, including institutional and political conflict, justice reform, the fight against corruption, and the consolidation of democratic structures. This article examines the intricate connections that Albanian political representatives and institutions maintain with foreign organizations and entities. It specifically highlights the role that the EU Delegation played in mediating the political and institutional crises of 2019. Although the external incentives models provide a useful foundation for understanding Albania’s Europeanization process, other factors that may be relevant and encourage the ongoing democratization and rule adoption are indicated by the country’s low membership credibility.
</abstract>

Prospects for integration and Obstacles to democracy - EU’s role in the Albanian political crisis

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A recent trend in employee management reveals a new and modern tool for enhancing motivation at work. Gamification is the use of game elements in a non-game environment, not only to create a better experience for users, but also to better administer in that setting. Gamification elements could virtually satisfy employees’ psychological need, hence – according to Self-Determination Theory (SDT), help with employee motivation. The research shows that gamification may be able to positively influence employees’ sense of achievement, work affiliation, and recognition. Further research is needed to clarify and testify this notion.
</abstract>

Exploring how gamification potentially motivates employees - A research in Vietnamese businesses

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The donation contract, as delineated in the Albanian Civil Code, symbolizes the altruistic and compassionate ethos upon which is founded. Its primary aim is to embody acts of generosity and selflessness, reflecting the donor’s relinquishment of ownership for the benefit of the recipient. The motivation behind entering this legal relationship is rooted in the donor’s desire to enhance the recipient’s assets, a sentiment essential for the contract’s efficacy.
The transition in Albania’s political landscape has brought forth a new legislative ethos, prompting adaptations to legal provisions in alignment with contemporary requirements. As property relations evolve, influenced by political and historical shifts, so too does the donation contract. Addressing the challenges encountered in donation contracts, Albanian legal scholars have sought solutions that align with evolving social dynamics. While current legislation offers broader provisions for donation contracts compared to previous iterations, ambiguities persist. Thus, there’s a recognized need for enhancements and clarifications, achieved through comparative analysis of Albanian and Italian legislation on donations. This comparison aims to elucidate critical yet ambiguous aspects of donation contracts for readers and scholars. One such issue pertains to categorizing donations accurately, determining whether they stem from unilateral acts or real contracts. The Civil Code unequivocally designates donation as a contractual arrangement. Regarding the grounds for revoking donation contracts, Albanian law delineates only two cases wherein donors can revoke donations, in contrast to Italian law, which affords donors this right in numerous circumstances. Italian jurisprudence and the previous Albanian Civil Code, unlike the current one, recognize another ground for revocation: the birth of the donor’s children. This provision aims to safeguard donors who, had they known about impending births at the time of donation, might have reconsidered their decision.
</abstract>

A Comparative Analysis of Donation Contract in Albanian and Italian Contract Law

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Time limits for preliminary investigation and it’s duration is part of the right to a regular legal process, provided for by Article 42 of the Constitution of the Republic of Albania.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="j_ejels-2024-0009_fn_001">1</xref>
The deadline of the preliminary investigation begins from the date that the name of the person whom the criminal offence is attributed to has been written in the register of notification of criminal offence and ends at the moment the investigations are completed with the relevant acts, the end of the investigations, etc. The duration of the preliminary investigations are different, depending on the prosecution, so in the general jurisdiction prosecution, the preliminary investigation period is 3 months and in the special jurisdiction prosecution it is 6 months. Extension of the preliminary investigation can be done periodically every 3 months, with a maximum term of 2 years, by the prosecutor of the concrete case. In addition to this 2-year period, the deadline can be extended by one more year by the General Prosecutor for the prosecutors of the general jurisdiction and by the Head of the Special Prosecution against Organized Crime and Corruption, for the prosecutors of this prosecution.
The goal of the legislator who has set deadlines for the preliminary investigation is not only the completion of the investigation within a reasonable period, but also the legality, validity of all acts and the usefulness of all the evidence obtained during this period of the preliminary investigation. In this way, the legislator has disciplined the preliminary investigation and its validity. Thus, in order for the investigation to be valid, all evidence and procedural acts must be done within this validity period.
But what happens if the investigative actions are carried out after the preliminary investigation period? What about the procedural acts that the prosecutor compiles at the end and beyond the deadline of the preliminary investigation, will they be valid and usable? These and other will be part of the analysis of this article.
</abstract>

Preliminary investigation and invalidity of investigative actions

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Deliberative polling has emerged as a promising method for promoting democratic reform and citizen engagement in various contexts, however, its potential and limitations in hybrid regimes, where democratic governance is challenged by a mix of democratic and authoritarian features, remain relatively unexplored. This paper focuses on the case of North Macedonia, as a country that has undergone significant political and societal transformation especially in the recent years. Despite efforts to promote democratic reforms, the country continues to face challenges in terms of ensuring democratic governance and citizen participation. In a hybrid regime, like North Macedonia’s, political leaders might not be inclined to value citizens’ input, and the media environment might not be free from influence, which limits access to varied and reliable sources of information. Civil society organizations may also encounter limitations on their operations, and institutional assistance may be insufficient. Additionally, the population’s diversity could make it difficult to reach and build trust with citizens. In this context, deliberative polling represents an opportunity to engage citizens in meaningful political dialogue and institutional reform. This paper examines the potential of deliberative polling as a tool for promoting governance in North Macedonia and highlights the challenges and limitations faced in this process.
</abstract>

Criminal offenses in the field of Cybernetics related to computer - Computer forgery and computer fraud

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The Albanian code of criminal procedure regulated with Law 35/2017, dated 30.3.2017, was amended by bringing a subject to procedural delays. The decision of the judge of the preliminary hearing is related to the acceptance of the request to send the case to trial, the dismissal of the accusation or the case and the change of the legal qualification of the criminal offense.
One of the decisions that the Law has given to the judge of the preliminary hearing is the transfer of the case to the court, which takes this decision if it conclusively considers that there is sufficient evidence to send the case to trial, therefore this decision is not allowed to appeal. Therefore, the lawmaker has limited the right to appeal against this decision.
The right to appeal against a court decision is one of the fundamental rights guaranteed in the Constitution of Albania, Article 43 of which sanctions that: “everyone has the right to appeal against a court decision to a higher court, except when otherwise provided in the law for minor criminal offenses, civil or administrative cases of minor importance or value”, in accordance with the conditions provided for in Article 17 of the Constitution. Referring to the Criminal Procedural Law, the Lawmaker stated that the court has a “decision” and an “order” (paragraph 1, Article 112 CPC). In disciplining appeals, the lawmaker in his article 407, paragraph 1, explicitly provided that “the Law determines the cases in which court decisions and orders may be appealed, as well as the remedy for appeal”. Referring to Article 332/g, it is provided that no appeal is allowed against the decision to refer the case to court. Therefore, due to this provision, the right of appeal is limited. This article will address the problems of bringing the case to trial without completing the necessary investigative actions, as it limits to the individual one of the rights that is not only procedural but also material such as the request for a shortened trial which brings not only economic benefits for the proceeding body but also a 1/3 reduction of the sentence for which he can plead guilty. A decision which cannot be appealed to a higher court.
</abstract>

Limitation of the right to appeal against the decision to take the case to court

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The Entrepreneurship contract is one of the most widespread contracts in the domestic market. It is the most useful contract, for the investors or the entrepreneur which intend to develop their projects. It is a contract which has served for decades as a mechanism of economic development due to the characteristics it carries. In this contract, one party (entrepreneur) is obliged, with its own resources and assuming the risk, to perform an act (job), or to accomplish a work or service while the other party is obliged to accept it against the price specified in the contract. The professional practice of this contract has often been transformed, or modified, approaching its special nature. This paper aims to reveal practices and approaches to legislation through interventions by means of legal and by-laws, which distort the contract, the obligations that hinder the parties, the unavoidable risks that affect the project, and in general all situations that cause legal instability. This manuscript will try to make some proposals, in two aspects. The first aspect has to do with clauses which give more legal certainty to the existing system. Second, it will try to challenge legislators by exposing potential developments that could end standards confrontations or legal ambiguities.
</abstract>

Reflection on the entrepreneurship contract in the current market conditions in Albania

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Constitution of the World Health Organization defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” According to latest Global Cancer Data there are more than 20 million new cancer cases and it is predicted to increase to 77% by 2050. The incidence of kidney impairment in patients with cancer is high and it is related with reduced cancer survival. These numbers confirm that both conditions impact health quality of life and need a multidisciplinary approach in order to provide professional care. Onco-Nephrology is a new evolving sub-speciality that addresses the intersection between oncology and nephrology. In this manuscript we aim to highlight the essential role of approved and specialised knowledge as a need of the hour among these patients, to the fullest attainment of health.
</abstract>

University Hospital Center “Mother Teresa“

Onco-Nephrology - The need of the hour for kidney care in cancer patients

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Volume 8 (2024): Issue 2 (June 2024)

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European Journal of Economics, Law and Social Sciences

European Journal of Economics, Law and Social Sciences is an international journal published in Austria focused on interdisciplinary research. The need for interdisciplinary approaches as a key to reinvigorating and integrating both theory and practice is increasingly recognized in the academy. EJELS Journal aims to promote rapid communication and exchange between the World as well as other Research Scholars, Universities and academic institutions. It mainly reflects the latest advances being made in many disciplines of scientific research in universities and academic institutions. It addresses both theoretical and empirical issues in the fields of business and management, law, public administration, sociology, anthropology, economics, social work, history, education, psychology, political science etc. Acceptance for publication is subject to a double-blind peer-reviewing process. The journal expects authors to write clearly and accessibly for an international audience. No particular theories are favoured. We invite researchers to submit their original papers via email at: ejels.journal@gmail.com  Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 