<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec><h3>Objective</h3>
<p>Replicated evidence shows a weak or non-significant correlation between different methods of evaluating executive functions (EF). The current study investigates the association between rating scales and cognitive tests of EF in a sample of children with ADHD and executive dysfunction.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Method</h3>
<p>The sample included 139 children (aged 6–13) diagnosed with ADHD and executive dysfunctions. The children completed subtests of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). Parents completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) and the Children’s Organizational Skills Scale (COSS).</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Analysis</h3>
<p>Pairwise Spearman correlations were calculated between the composite and separate subscales of cognitive tests and rating scales. In secondary analyses, pairwise Spearman correlations were conducted between all composite scales and subscales, stratified by child sex and child ADHD subtype.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Results</h3>
<p>The correlation analyses between composite scores yielded no significant correlations. The results when comparing CANTAB TO and BRIEF GE are r=−.095, p=.289, and r=.042, p=.643 when comparing CANTAB TO and COSS TO. The analyses between all composite scales and subscales found one significant negative correlation (r=−.25, p&lt;.01). There are significant cross-method differences when stratified by the ADHD-Inattentive subtype, showing significant negative correlations (moderate) between CANTAB and BRIEF composite (r=−.355, p=.014) and subscales.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Discussion</h3>
<p>It is possible that the different methods measure different underlying constructs of EF. It may be relevant to consider the effects of responder bias and differences in ecological validity in both measurement methods.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The results found no significant correlations. The expectation in research and clinical settings should not be to find the same results when comparing data from cognitive tests and rating scales. Future research might explore novel approaches to EF testing with a higher level of ecological validity, and designing EF rating scales that capture EF behaviors more so than EF cognition.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Executive functioning in children with ADHD Investigating the cross-method correlations between performance tests and rating scales

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec><h3>Background</h3>
<p>Parents of children with neurodevelopmental conditions (NDC) are at risk of experiencing elevated levels of parental stress. Access to robust instruments to assess parental stress is important in both clinical and research contexts. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of a Swedish version of the Parental Stress Scale (PSS), completed by parents of 3- to 17-year-old children, with and without NDCs.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Method</h3>
<p>Main analyses were conducted on data from three independent samples: a community sample (<italic>n</italic>=1018), a treatment-seeking sample of parents of children with various disabilities (<italic>n</italic>=653), and a sample of parents of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) who themselves reported varying ADHD symptom severities (<italic>n</italic>=562). Additional analyses were enabled by the use of data from a complementary test-retest sample (<italic>n</italic>=337).</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Results</h3>
<p>The internal consistency of the PSS was good (Cronbach’s alpha, <italic>α</italic>=.87) and its test-retest reliability moderate (ICC=.66). The scale correlated in the expected direction with related constructs (<italic>r=</italic>.50–.56 in the community sample). An exploratory factor analysis found its internal structure to reflect two aspects of parental stress: Lack of Parental Rewards and Role Satisfaction (factor 1, <italic>α</italic>=.90) and Parental Stressors and Distress (factor 2, <italic>α</italic>=.85). The treatment-seeking parents of children with disabilities reported higher parental stress than community reference parents (<italic>p</italic>&lt;.001; Cohen’s <italic>d</italic>=1.17). Moreover, we found that parents with high ADHD symptom severity reported higher parental stress than parents with low ADHD symptom severity (<italic>p</italic>&lt;.001; <italic>d</italic>=0.39).</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>In summary, we found evidence in support of the reliability and validity of the PSS, which overall was judged to be useful as a measure of parental stress in a Swedish context. In addition, our results underline the importance of considering parental stress and related needs in assessments and intervention planning involving families of children with NDCs.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health

Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychology

Psychometric Properties of the Parental Stress Scale in Swedish Parents of Children with and without Neurodevelopmental Conditions

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Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology

Volume 12 (2024): Issue 1 (January 2024)

Executive functioning in children with ADHD Investigating the cross-method correlations between performance tests and rating scales

Psychometric Properties of the Parental Stress Scale in Swedish Parents of Children with and without Neurodevelopmental Conditions

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