<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec>
<h3>Introduction</h3>
<p>Private places such as homes are common places of exposure to secondhand smoke. Currently, more and more attention is being paid to reducing general and residential exposure to ETS (environmental tobacco smoke). The voluntary introduction of smoke-free homes (SFH) is a promising preventive measure in this regard. Most smoking households don’t implement comprehensive anti-smoking policies, and exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is still common among low socioeconomic populations and children.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Aim</h3>
<p>The aim of the study was to assess exposure to passive smoking and to assess compliance with the rules of a smoke-free home in the homes of smokers with low socioeconomic status.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Material and methods</h3>
<p>117 smokers in Piotrków County were examined in 2015. The research tool was a questionnaire. The study received a positive opinion from the Bioethics Committee of the Medical University of Lodz (RNN/243/15/KE).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Results</h3>
<p>People who respect the implementation of smoke free-homes rules in their homes accounted for 48.7% of the total number of respondents, of which 58% were women and 42% were men.</p>
<p>They were mostly people aged 50 and more (54.3%), married (60%), with secondary education (33.3%), employed persons (70.2%), living at home with one adult (43.8%). 68.4% of the respondents advocating smoke-free homes have ever tried to quit, usually 1–2 times (38.6%). Fear of the disease (36.8%) and the wish of the family (29.8%) were the most frequently mentioned reasons that prompted the respondents to quit smoking in tobacco-free homes. In smoke-free homes, 82.5% of the guests complied with the accepted rules for smoking.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Conclusions</h3>
<p>There is a need for interventions to encourage a smoking ban in homes. Primary care interventions, public health programs, and media campaigns should promote the health benefits of having a smoke-free home.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Implementation of Smoke Free-homes Rules in the Homes of Smokers with Low Socioeconomic Status

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec> 
<h3>Introduction</h3>
<p>The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defines pain as a subjective sensory and emotional sensation resulting from the action of stimuli that disturb the tissue. Pain significantly impacts the quality of our lives, mainly if it concerns the spine. In Poland, more than half of the population experiences pain in the spine, while as much as 44% of spine disorders concern the lower segment. Back pain is currently one of the most common reasons for contacting a GP, which makes it a medical and socio-economic problem.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Purpose of the study</h3>
<p>Subjective evaluation of the effectiveness of rehabilitation in people with degeneration of the intervertebral disc.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Material and methods</h3>
<p>The study was carried out in a group of 153 patients. A self-constructed questionnaire was the study tool.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Results and conclusions</h3>
<p>The patients were asked to carry out activities of daily living. At the beginning, they reported the occurrence of pain, and thus the ordered activities were carried out by them carefully and slowly. At the end of rehabilitation, a control analysis was carried out, which showed an improvement in the quality of life of the patients (the pain rating on the scale decreased from 3.33 points to 2.36 points). The activities were carried out naturally. Properly selected and conducted rehabilitation causes both the improvement of the patients’ quality of life and the reduction of pain associated with degenerative spine disease.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Rehabilitation Procedure in People with Degeneration of the Intervertebral Disc

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec>
<h3>The aim</h3>
<p>The aim of this article is to indicate similarities and differences between EN ISO 9001:2015 quality management system in accordance with PN-EN 15224:2017-02 standard and the accreditation standards of the Minister of Health.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Material and methods</h3>
<p>A comparative analysis of two documents describing requirements of the quality management system EN ISO 9001:2015 in accordance with PN-EN 15224:2017-02 and accreditation standards of the Minister of Health issued by the Quality Monitoring Centre was performed.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Results</h3>
<p>This comparative analysis concerns individual aspects/quality requirements of the PN-EN 15224-02 standard with reference to thematically analogous accreditation standards. According to the following analysis designation of both the PN-EN 15224:2017-02 standard and accreditation for health care sector causes natural, very high convergence and similarity between both systems. For specialist and expert on discussed subject, there is no bigger problem with connecting mutual reference of requirements of individual quality aspects described in the standard and accreditation standards. The PN-EN 15224:2017-02 standard, similarly to accreditation standards, pays particular attention to obligation to manage clinical risk during planning, implementation and control of individual process which becomes the key element of quality management system for clinical activities. In both cases, data related to significant events connected with hospitalization should be analyzed and assessed, and conclusions and observations should be used to conduct improvement projects in important health care areas in accordance with the E. Deming quality improvement methodology (PDCA cycle). However, they can’t be said to be identical. Differences result from the very structure of the documents. Accreditation standards are divided into 15 subject areas, gathering a total of 221 standards. The PN-EN 15224:2017-02 standard, in accordance with the ISO/ IEC Directives, Part 1, Consolidated ISO Supplement, Annex SL, contains common, consistent structure of new revised management system standards. Another difference between discussed systems concerns scope of both documents, the standard has international dimension and the set of standards is definitely national. There are, of course, many more similarities as well as differences, which this article deals with in full.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Conclusions</h3>
<p>Carried out analysis shows clearly that, despite formal differences, there are numerous connections and analogies between requirements of individual quality aspects of the PN-EN 15224:2017-02 standard and requirements of the accreditation standards. Effective implementation of both requirements of the ISO standard in question and accreditation standards can constitute the basis for creating a single, consistent and effective management system for treatment entity as a whole.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

EN ISO 9001:2015 Quality Management System for Health Care Sector in Accordance with PN-EN 15224:2017-02 Standard and Accreditation Standards of the Minister of Health – Comparative Analysis

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<p>Cognitive impairment is an increasingly common problem in aging societies. With age, cognitive functions are naturally weakened. However, this process may lead to more serious deficits such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. Identification of patients at high risk, early diagnosis of cognitive impairment and monitoring of the patient’s condition, as well as taking appropriate action is very important. Cognitive impairment is detected using neuropsychological screening tests that enable the detection of cognitive impairment in the early stages. The most commonly used tools for the initial assessment of cognitive functioning are: Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Clock Drawing Test (CDT), Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (ACE III). Early detection of MCI gives the opportunity to quickly implement appropriate interventions, which can slow down or limit the development of cognitive impairment. Early diagnosis allows to find the cause and reduce the adverse effects of modifiable factors that contribute to the development of dementia. Among these factors, there are: reduced levels of folic acid, diabetes and depression. Early diagnosis also gives the opportunity to plan the patient’s care appropriately, including the patient’s conscious participation in making such decisions. Cognitive screening tests are also used to monitor the progress of the disease, which allows you to respond appropriately and modify the treatment plan adequately to the patient’s condition and cognitive deficits.</p>
</abstract>

Cognitive Screening Tests as an Early Method of Detecting Cognitive Dysfunctions

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec>
<h3>Introduction</h3>
<p>Spinal muscular atrophy is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease that mainly affects children. It is caused by mutation in the SMN1 gene, which results in degeneration and loss of alpha motor neurons innervating skeletal muscles. Without any intervention, spinal muscular atrophy progresses and leads to disability or even early death.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Material and methods</h3>
<p>The latest available literature accessible on the Pub-Med database was reviewed. Thirty papers, which were published in English, available as full-text publications, and published since 2015, were selected for analysis.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Results</h3>
<p>Depending on the level of motor development and the age of onset, spinal muscular atrophy is divided into 4 or 5 subtypes. Onasemnogene abeparvovec is a gene replacement therapy and consists of a vector of the serotype 9 adeno-associated virus, which delivers a functional copy of the SMN1 gene to the cells of the motor neuron. Important advantage of the drug is single administration via an intravenous route. The limitation is the high price and the lack of studies in older children. Several studies confirmed the efficacy and safety of using onesamnogene abeparvovec in children who afterward made progress in respiratory functions, swallowing, and motor milestones, like head control and sitting independently.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Conclusions</h3>
<p>Onasemnogene abeparvovec is an innovative and effective drug with great potential for present and future use. Therapy in spinal muscular atrophy should be implemented as early as possible to avoid muscle cell loss. It is important to conduct universal screening tests of newborns to detect the disease before the first symptoms appear.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Onasemnogene Abeparvovec as New Gene Therapy in Patients with Spinal Muscular Atrophy – a Review of the Literature

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<p>Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is the excessive abundance of nonpatogenic microbes in the small bowel, which are characteristic to the large intestine. It is often referred to as dysbiosis. Typical symptoms include: immoderate flatulence, abdominal pain, steatorrhea or micronutrient deficiencies that may cause conditions like anemia or general fatigue associated with it. The dysfunction of the intestinal mucosal barrier and chronic inflammation, caused by SIBO, are the causes of many diseases, for example fatty liver disease and autoimmune diseases, which also act as predispositions to bacterial overgrowth. The diagnosis is based mainly on the breathing tests. The therapy is comprehensive and relies on pharmacological treatment, adequate diet (usually low-FODMAP diet is recommended) as well as preventive measures in order to avoid the relapse. The key to complete recovery is correct identification of the core cause and its removal, which is often not so clear as SIBO manifests itself with many nonspecific symptoms and therefore, may be misidentified as irritable bowel syndrome, celiac disease or other GI tract diseases.</p>
<p>This article reviews and summarizes the current state of knowledge about the bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine.</p>
</abstract>

Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth: Diagnosis, Pathophysiology and Treatment Methods

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Journal of Health Study and Medicine

The Journal of Health Study and Medicine (JHSM) is dedicated to publish original scientific articles about all aspects of medicine, covering significant developments in the field of medical sciences, as well as a wide range of issues concerning health study and related research areas. By extending the primary scope, it is an interdisciplinary journal that bridges computer science and medicine. This allows to present the latest scientific achievements together with engineering innovations that drive the progress of medicine, such as healthcare robots, smart wearable devices, intelligent diagnostic systems, telemedicine, and medical applications focusing on artificial intelligence (AI). The AI applications may concern medical image recognition, diagnostics, individually adapted therapies, health risk assessment, virtual nursing assistants, healthcare administration, healthcare analytics, and much more. In addition, the journal covers full spectrum of medical sciences and applied AI methods such as expert systems, artificial neural networks, including deep learning, fuzzy and neuro-fuzzy systems, hybrid intelligent systems, and others. Other relevant fields such as bioinformatics, biocybernetics, and biomedical engineering, are also relevant to the scope of this journal.  Moreover, the journal is open to presenting issues at the intersection of medicine and social sciences, such as psychology, sociology, and management. In particular, we expect articles that will show the current situation of health care in individual countries (such topics as patient satisfaction with the quality of medical services and the work of medical staff, training of professional managers specialising in health care) or selected public health problems (e.g., quality of life with selected diseases, knowledge in the areas of prevention of selected diseases, etc.).   Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 