<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Biochar as an eco-friendly and low-cost product has the potential for modification to improve its functionality. The application of modified biochar is a new approach that can improve soil properties, quality, and productivity of plants, thereby helping sustainable agriculture. The focus of the recent studies has dealt with methods for improving the function of biochar. Biochar can be modified to enhance its physicochemical properties (such as bulk density, cation exchange capacity, specific surface area, and porosity) and nutritional value. This review provides crucial and summarizing information about the classification of biochar modification techniques for agricultural application and a comparison of pristine and modified biochar function on soil fertility and plant production. There are several approaches for modification of biochar, which can be divided into four main categories: chemical, physical, enriched with minerals, and nanocomposites. The modified biochar could be more appropriate for poor-nutrient soils and has a high adsorption capacity and potential for different pollutants immobilization. Further research is needed to determine the best methods of biochar modification with short-term and long-term effects on soil fertility and plant growth under different environmental conditions.
</abstract>

Biochar modification and application to improve soil fertility and crop productivity

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

This study aimed to determine the changes in soil properties due to land rolling after sowing and analysis the effects of these changes in soil properties on the plant growth in barley (<italic>Hordeum vulgare</italic> L.) production. For this purpose, a field experiment was conducted by using three weights of the land roller (196.37, 337.67, 478.97 kg/m) and untreated control treatment after sowing barley. The results showed that land rolling significantly changed the soil properties such as bulk density, moisture content, and penetration resistance. These changes in soil conditions significantly affected the plant growth parameters in barley production. The increased bulk density at the 0 ‒ 100 mm depth of the soil due to land rolling increased the seed emergence, the plant growth parameters and the yield of barley. However, it was observed that the grain yield per ear started decreasing at the higher penetration resistance than 345, 486, and 630 kPa for 50 mm, 75 mm and 100 mm, respectively. Consequently, it can be said that the use of a land roller after sowing in barley production can increase the yield by improving the plant growth parameters and soil physical properties under the soil and climate conditions like the experimental field.
</abstract>

Effects of the changes in soil conditions due to land rolling on the growth of barley (<italic>Hordeum vulgare</italic> L.)

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> f. sp. <italic>asparagi</italic> is one of the main problems associated with the roots of asparagus plants and inflicting serious losses worldwide. A novel and eco-friendly strategy to reduce pathogen resistance and management of the Fusarium crown and root rot is using chitosan and <italic>Trichoderma harzianum</italic> as a sustainable treatment approach to improve both disease resistance and yields, while also effectively managing the asparagus product. In this study, the effect of chitosan and <italic>Trichoderma harzianum</italic> on growth promotion and control of Fusarium crown and root rot in asparagus plants was investigated. diseased plants from the main production areas of Iran were surveyed. The <italic>in vitro</italic> antifungal properties of chitosan solutions (concentrations of 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/mL) and <italic>T. harzianum</italic> strain were evaluated by the dual culture method. <italic>T. harzianum and</italic> chitosan solution (20 mg/mL) gave the largest inhibition zone against <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> and were selected for further studies in the greenhouse. Chitosan (20 mg/mL) and <italic>T. harzianum</italic> were applied as seed treatments and they significantly reduced disease incidence by 92% and 73% respectively, compared to the control.
</abstract>

Chitosan and <italic>Trichoderma harzianum</italic> a new Challenge for managing Fusarium crown and root rot in asparagus plant

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Increased agricultural operations result in increased usage of various pesticides to safeguard crops, however, this is done without paying attention to the effects of the amounting potential harm to both humans and the environment. In this present study, a structured study was conducted on the uptake of <italic>atrazine, mesotrione, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2.4-D),</italic> and <italic>glyphosate</italic> herbicides from contaminated soil and translocation into different maize segments. It was observed that <italic>2.4-D</italic> was least absorbed by the soil, however, all the studied herbicide showed high absorption in the leafy segment of the maize plant due to the high polarity of the leaf cuticle. <italic>Glyphosate</italic> showed a high absorption rate in soil, roots, stalk, and leaves while <italic>mesotrione</italic> was highly absorbed in corn and tassels in all treatments. The absorption rate of the herbicide increased with increasing growth days. The higher treatment concentration (0.75 µg/l) showed elevated accumulation with the highest concentration (1.0 µg/l) observed for <italic>glyphosate</italic> in leaves after 140 days and high <italic>mesotrione</italic> in corn (0.51 µg/l) and tassel (0.42 µg/l) observed after 120 days. The PTi values of all treatments were >1 however, the hi data were below 100% indicating minimal possible health risk linked to the intake of these crops by both adults and children.
</abstract>

KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and Rural Development

Assessment of Herbicides Uptake by Soil and Translocation in to Different Maize Segments

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Volume 68 (2022): Issue 2 (July 2022)

Biochar modification and application to improve soil fertility and crop productivity

Effects of the changes in soil conditions due to land rolling on the growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Chitosan and Trichoderma harzianum a new Challenge for managing Fusarium crown and root rot in asparagus plant

Assessment of Herbicides Uptake by Soil and Translocation in to Different Maize Segments

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