Biofloc Technology: Emerging Microbial Biotechnology for the Improvement of Aquaculture Productivity
, , , , , et | 27 déc. 2020
À propos de cet article
Article Category: mini-review
Publié en ligne: 27 déc. 2020
Pages: 401 - 409
Reçu: 17 juin 2020
Accepté: 19 oct. 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2020-049
Mots clés
© 2020 Mamdoh T. Jamal et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Fig. 1.
The key factors of water quality checked in BFT systems and its optimal and/or normal detected ranges (Emerenciano et al. 2017).
| Factors | Normal and/or ideal detected ranges | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Temperature | 28–30° (usually perfect for species in tropical region) | In addition to shrimp and fish, microbial growth might be affected by low temperatures (∼ 20°C) |
| pH | pH 6.8 to 8.0 | Optimum pH values in BFT are less than pH 7.0 but these might disturb the process of nitrification |
| Dissolved oxygen (DO) | Optimum level is above of 4.0 mg/l and as a minimum 60% of saturation | For precise growth and respiration of fish, shrimp and microbiota |
| TAN | Depend on pH, optimum level is less than 1 mg/l in pH ≤ 7.0 | pH could play a vital role on toxicity values |
| Salinity | Optimum range relied on the cultured fish/shrimp species | It is promising to produce BFT, e.g., from 0 to 50 ppt |
| Alkalinity | Ideal level is greater than 100 mg/l | Greater values of alkalinity aid in assimilation of nitrogen by heterotrophic bacteria as well as assist in process of nitrification by chemoautotrophic bacteria |
| Nitrite | Optimum level is less than 1 mg/l | One of the critical factors (hard to regulate). Distinct attention to be required |
| Orthophosphate | Optimum range from 0.5 mg/l to 20 mg/l | In these ranges, usually nontoxic to the cultured fish and shrimp |
| Nitrate | Optimum range from 0.5 mg/l to 20 mg/l | The same as orthophosphate |
| Total suspended solids (TSS) | Ideal level is less than 500 mg/l | As measured in Imhof cones, the excessive levels of TSS contributes to the DO intake by gill occlusion and heterotrophic community |
| Settling solids (SS) | Optimum range relied on the cultured fish/shrimp species. | The same as TSS |
Recent use of biofloc technology (BFT) in fish and prawn culture.
| Fish/Prawn species cultured | Technology used | Effect on culture water | Effects on fish/prawn | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mullet ( | BFT in integrated cultivation | Modified bacterial nitrification; reduced total suspended solids | Enhanced growth of mullet, but impaired shrimp’s growth | ( |
| Nile tilapia ( | Jaggery-based BFT | Enhanced bacterial assimilation and nitrification; boosted ammonia immobilization | Improved growth and survival; higher immunity to | ( |
| Nile tilapia ( | Biochar-based BFT | Reduced total suspended solids; active heterotrophic bacterial assimilation and nitrification; enhanced levels of NO–3 and total nitrogen | No remarkable negative effects of biochar on growth and physiological performance. | ( |
| Genetically improved Nile tilapia ( | FRP tank culture with isolated probiotic bacteria from BFT | Enrichment of probiotic | Enhanced growth and survival; improved immunological parameters | ( |
| Te Amur minnow ( | BFT with differential protein | No significant change in temperature, total ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus and NO2-N; reduced pH and dissolved oxygen | Enhanced growth; boosted immune response and digestive enzymes activity; higher expression of antioxidant-related genes | ( |
| Shrimp ( | Wheat four-based zero-water exchange BFT | Effective recovery and sustainable water quality without sodium bicarbonate; higher bacterial diversity | Affected growth performance | ( |
| Shrimp ( | Biofloc-based super intensive tank system | Low concentrations of TAN and NO–2-N (< 1.0 mg/l) at late stage; higher bacterial diversity including various nitrifying bacteria in Biofloc | Better growth performance in outdoor conditions than in indoors | ( |
| Nile tilapia ( | Chestnut polyphenols-based BFT | No data | Improved growth performance; better survival; enhanced mucosal and serum immunity against pathogenic | (Van |
| Nile tilapia ( | BFT with prebiotics and probiotics | Reduction of nitrite concentration | Higher rate of the specific growth, weight gain and final weight; better hematological parameters | ( |
| Indian major carps, e.g., rohu ( | BFT for polyculture | Maintenance of NH4-N, NO2-N and NO3-N in the acceptable range of water quality | Satisfactory growth performance (higher rate of specific growth) | ( |
| Juvenile of Cachama blanca ( | BFT | Maintenance of the all parameters of water quality in the acceptable range except NH–4 and NO–2 | Improved growth performance | ( |
| Bluegill ( | Corn starch or sucrose-sugar-based BFT | Lower number of human pathogens; raised ammonia level and reduced dissolved oxygen level | Reduced growth performance and higher mortality rate | ( |