Formalization of Evidence: A Comparative Study

Achinstein, P., ed. 1983. The Concept of Evidence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Baroni, P., and Vicig, P. 2001. On the conceptual status of belief functions with respect to coherent lower probabilities. In Bishop, C., ed., Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Symbolic and Quantitative Approaches to Reasoning with Uncertainty; Lecture Notes In Computer Science, Vol. 2143. London: Springer-Verlag. 328-339.Search in Google Scholar

Bonissone, P. P. 1987. Summarizing and propagating uncertain information with Triangular Norms. International Journal of Approximate Reasoning 1:71-101.10.1016/0888-613X(87)90005-3Search in Google Scholar

Carnap, R. 1950. Logical Foundations of Probability. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Search in Google Scholar

Cheeseman, P. 1988. An inquiry into computer understanding. Computational Intelligence 4:58-66.10.1111/j.1467-8640.1988.tb00091.xSearch in Google Scholar

Clifford, W. K. 1877. The ethics of belief. Contemporary Review. Reprinted in The Ethics of Belief and Other Essays (Prometheus Books, 1999).Search in Google Scholar

DeGroot, M. H. 1970. Optimal Statistical Decisions. New York: McGraw-Hill.Search in Google Scholar

Dempster, A. P. 1967. Upper and lower probabilities induced by a multivalued mapping. Annals of Mathematical Statistics 38:325-339.10.1214/aoms/1177698950Search in Google Scholar

Dubois, D., and Prade, H. 1982. A class of fuzzy measures based on triangular norms. International Journal of General Systems 8:43-61.10.1080/03081078208934833Search in Google Scholar

Dubois, D., and Prade, H. 1994. Conditional objects as nonmonotonic consequence relationships. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics 24:1724-1740.10.1109/21.328930Search in Google Scholar

Fitelson, B., and Hawthorne, J. 2009. How Bayesian confirmation theory handles the Paradox of the Ravens. In Eells, E., and Fetzer, J., eds., Probability in Science. Chicago: Open Court. Forthcoming.10.1007/978-90-481-3615-5_11Search in Google Scholar

Good, I. J. 1950. Probability and the Weighing of Evidence. London: Griffin.Search in Google Scholar

Good, I. J. 1985. Weight of evidence: a brief survey. In Bernardo, J.; DeGroot, M.; Lindley, D.; and Smith, A., eds., Bayesian Statistics 2. Amsterdam: North-Holland. 249-269.Search in Google Scholar

Griggs, R. A., and Cox, J. R. 1982. The elusive thematic-materials effect in Wason's selection task. British Journal of Psychology 73:407-420.10.1111/j.2044-8295.1982.tb01823.xSearch in Google Scholar

Halpern, J. Y., and Pucella, R. 2006. A logic for reasoning about evidence. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 26:1-34.10.1613/jair.1838Search in Google Scholar

Hempel, C. G. 1965. Studies in the logic of confirmation. In Aspects of Scientific Explanation. New York: The Free Press. 3-46. Reprinted in The Concept of Evidence, Achinstein, P. (Ed), Oxford University Press, pp. 11-43, 1983.Search in Google Scholar

Hume, D. 1748. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. London.10.1093/oseo/instance.00032980Search in Google Scholar

Hutter, M. 2005. Universal Artificial Intelligence: Sequential Decisions based on Algorithmic Probability. Berlin: Springer.Search in Google Scholar

Keynes, J. M. 1921. A Treatise on Probability. London: Macmillan.Search in Google Scholar

Kyburg, H. E. 1983a. Recent work in inductive logic. In Lucey, K., and Machan, T., eds., Recent Work in Philosophy. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Allanfield. 89-150.Search in Google Scholar

Kyburg, H. E. 1983b. The reference class. Philosophy of Science 50:374-397.10.1086/289125Search in Google Scholar

Kyburg, H. E. 1994. Believing on the basis of the evidence. Computational Intelligence 10:3-20.Search in Google Scholar

McCarthy, J., and Hayes, P. J. 1969. Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of artificial intelligence. In Meltzer, B., and Michie, D., eds., Machine Intelligence 4. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 463-502.Search in Google Scholar

McDermott, D. 1987. A critique of pure reason. Computational Intelligence 3:151-160.10.1111/j.1467-8640.1987.tb00183.xSearch in Google Scholar

Milne, P. 1997. Bruno de Finetti and the logic of conditional events. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 48:195-232.10.1093/bjps/48.2.195Search in Google Scholar

Oaksford, M., and Chater, N. 1994. A rational analysis of the selection task as optimal data selection. Psychological Review 101:608-631.10.1037/0033-295X.101.4.608Search in Google Scholar

Pearl, J. 1988. Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems. San Mateo, California: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.Search in Google Scholar

Pearl, J. 1990. Jeffrey's rule, passage of experience, and Neo-Bayesianism. In Kyburg, H. E.; Loui, R. P.; and N., C. G., eds., Knowledge Representation and Defeasible Reasoning. Amsterdam: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 245-265.10.1007/978-94-009-0553-5_10Search in Google Scholar

Peirce, C. S. 1878. The probability of induction. Popular Science Monthly 12:705-718. Reprinted in The Essential Peirce, Vol. 1, N. Houser and C. Kloesel, eds., Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press (1992), 155-169.Search in Google Scholar

Popper, K. R. 1959. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. New York: Basic Books.10.1063/1.3060577Search in Google Scholar

Reiter, R. 1987. Nonmonotonic reasoning. Annual Review of Computer Science 2:147-186.10.1146/annurev.cs.02.060187.001051Search in Google Scholar

Rescher, N. 1958. A theory of evidence. Philosophy of Science 25(1):83-94.10.1086/287579Search in Google Scholar

Shafer, G. 1976. A Mathematical Theory of Evidence. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Smets, P., and Kennes, R. 1994. The transferable belief model. Artificial Intelligence 66:191-234.10.1016/0004-3702(94)90026-4Search in Google Scholar

Smets, P. 1991. The transferable belief model and other interpretations of Dempster-Shafer's model. In Bonissone, P. P.; Henrion, M.; Kanal, L. N.; and Lemmer, J. F., eds., Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence 6. Amsterdam: North-Holland. 375-383.Search in Google Scholar

Solomonoff, R. J. 1964. A formal theory of inductive inference. Part I and II. Information and Control 7(1-2):1-22,224-254.Search in Google Scholar

Tversky, A., and Kahneman, D. 1974. Judgment under uncertainty: heuristics and biases. Science 185:1124-1131.10.1126/science.185.4157.112417835457Search in Google Scholar

Tversky, A., and Kahneman, D. 1983. Extensional versus intuitive reasoning: the conjunction fallacy in probability judgment. Psychological Review 90:293-315.10.1037/0033-295X.90.4.293Search in Google Scholar

Walley, P. 1991. Statistical Reasoning with Imprecise Probabilities. London: Chapman and Hall.10.1007/978-1-4899-3472-7Search in Google Scholar

Walley, P. 1996a. Inferences from multinomial data: learning about a bag of marbles. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B 58:3-57.Search in Google Scholar

Walley, P. 1996b. Measures of uncertainty in expert systems. Artificial Intelligence 83:1-58.10.1016/0004-3702(95)00009-7Search in Google Scholar

Wang, P. 1993. Belief revision in probability theory. In Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, 519-526. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo, California.10.1016/B978-1-4832-1451-1.50068-8Search in Google Scholar

Wang, P. 1994a. A defect in Dempster-Shafer Theory. In Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, 560-566. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo, California.10.1016/B978-1-55860-332-5.50076-6Search in Google Scholar

Wang, P. 1994b. From inheritance relation to nonaxiomatic logic. International Journal of Approximate Reasoning 11(4):281-319.10.1016/0888-613X(94)90021-3Search in Google Scholar

Wang, P. 1995a. Non-Axiomatic Reasoning System: Exploring the Essence of Intelligence. Ph.D. Dissertation, Indiana University.Search in Google Scholar

Wang, P. 1995b. Reference classes and multiple inheritances. International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and and Knowledge-based Systems 3(1):79-91.Search in Google Scholar

Wang, P. 1996a. Heuristics and normative models of judgment under uncertainty. International Journal of Approximate Reasoning 14(4):221-235.10.1016/0888-613X(95)00091-TSearch in Google Scholar

Wang, P. 1996b. The interpretation of fuzziness. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics 26(4):321-326.Search in Google Scholar

Wang, P. 2001a. Abduction in non-axiomatic logic. In Working Notes of the IJCAI workshop on Abductive Reasoning, 56-63.Search in Google Scholar

Wang, P. 2001b. Confidence as higher-order uncertainty. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Imprecise Probabilities and Their Applications, 352-361.Search in Google Scholar

Wang, P. 2001c. Wason's cards: what is wrong? In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Cognitive Science, 371-375.Search in Google Scholar

Wang, P. 2004. The limitation of Bayesianism. Artificial Intelligence 158(1):97-106.10.1016/j.artint.2003.09.003Search in Google Scholar

Wang, P. 2005. Experience-grounded semantics: a theory for intelligent systems. Cognitive Systems Research 6(4):282-302.10.1016/j.cogsys.2004.08.003Search in Google Scholar

Wang, P. 2006. Rigid Flexibility: The Logic of Intelligence. Dordrecht: Springer.Search in Google Scholar

Wason, P. C., and Johnson-Laird, P. N. 1972. Psychology of Reasoning: Structure and Content. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Zadeh, L. A. 1975. The concept of a linguistic variable and its application to approximate reasoning. Information Sciences 8:199-249, 8:301-357, 9:43-80.10.1016/0020-0255(75)90036-5Search in Google Scholar