Authors | Population | Mean vitamin D intake [μg/day] | Data collection | Publication type |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fidler Mis, Kobe et al. | Teenagers | M: 4±4 | sq-FFQ (n=2,661) | A |
2012 ( |
Age 15-16 years | F: 4±3 | 3DDR for adjustment | |
M: n=1,010 | (n=197) | |||
F: n=1,214 | ||||
Gregorič 2019 (69, 70) | Elderly in residential home | 2 x 24h-recall: 1.1±0.6 | 2 x 24 h-recall | A, C3 |
n=49 | 3DDR: 1.3±0.7 | 3DDR | ||
Age: 65-91 years | ||||
Gregorič 2015 ( |
Teenagers from 10 primary | All: 1.7 | 2 x 24h recall | C1 |
schools | ||||
Age 11-15 years n=327 | 6. grade | |||
6. grade: age 11-12 years, | F: 1.6±0.9 | |||
mean 12.0±0.1 | M: 1.9±1.3 | |||
F: n=79 | ||||
M: n=78 | 8. grade | |||
8. grade 13-15 years, mean 14.0±0.2 | F: 1.5±1.3 | |||
F: n=84 | M: 1.9±1.3 | |||
M: n=86 | ||||
Hribar 2021 ( |
Adolescents | Adolescents | 2 x 24h recall | A |
Age: 10-17 years | All: 2.7 | adjusted with FPQ | ||
M: n=238 | M: 3.0 | |||
F: n=230 | F: 2.4 | |||
Adults | Adults | |||
Age: 18-64 years | All: 2.9 | |||
M: n=173 | M: 3.4 | |||
F: n=191 | F: 2.3 | |||
Elderly | Elderly | |||
Age: 65-74 years | All: 2.5 | |||
M: n=213 | M: 2.6 | |||
F: n=203 | F: 2.3 | |||
Jakše 2020 ( |
Healthy, active adults after | Food, supplements, and plant- | 3DDR | A |
dietary intervention study | based meal replacements: | |||
Age: 18-78 years, | M: 7.1±5.8 | |||
mean 39.6 years | F: 14.2±19.4 | |||
M: n= 42 | Food: | |||
F: n=109 | M: 0.5 ±1.1 | |||
F: 0.6 ±1.0 | ||||
Supplements, and plant- | ||||
based meal replacements: | ||||
M: 6.6±5.7 | ||||
F: 13.6±19.3 | ||||
Jeretina 2019 ( |
Healthy peri- and | Food: 1.3±0.93 | sq-FFQ for fish, milk, | C2 |
postmenopausal women | Food and supplements: | and milk products | ||
Age: 40 - 65 years, | 4.1±10.8 | |||
mean 57.1±4.7 years | ||||
n=59 | ||||
Juvan 1997 ( |
Students eating | 2.6 | 7DDR | C3 |
vegetarian diets | Semi-vegetarians: 3.3 | |||
n=14 | Lacto-ovo vegetarians: 2.8 | |||
Semi-vegetarians: 21% | Lacto vegetarians: 1.1 | |||
Lacto-ovo vegetarians: 58% | ||||
Lacto vegetarians: 21% | ||||
Koch and Gregorič | Nationally representative | Consumed with breakfast | 24h-recall | A |
2009 ( |
data from secondary | M: 0.3±0.5 | ||
school students | F: 0.2±0.4 | |||
Age: mean 18 years | ||||
M: n=216 | ||||
F: n=237 | ||||
Kocuvan Mijatov and | Adult female coeliac | 3DDR | A | |
Mičetić-Turk 2016 ( |
disease patients | 2.6 | ||
Age: 23 - 76 years | ||||
n=40 | ||||
Lichthammer, Nagy et | Teenage and adult | sq-FFQ | A | |
al. 2015 ( |
population | All: 2.57 | ||
Age: 15-75 years, mean 38.8 n=81 | -------14-18 years: 3.7±3.3 19-29 years: 3.0±2.1 | |||
30-69 years: 2.5±1.7 | ||||
Lopert 2019 ( |
Female patients with | >70 years: 1.0±2.4 | FFQ, 24h-recall | C2 |
osteoporosis | FFQ: 1.8 | |||
Age: mean 71.4 years | 24h-recall: 1.4 | |||
n=43 | ||||
Poličnik, Pokorn | Pre-school children in | 3DDR | A | |
et al. 2013 ( |
Central Slovenia | All: 1.1±0.7 | ||
Age: 2-6 years, average 4.2 | M: 1.0±0.7 | |||
n=129 | F: 1.1±0.7 | |||
M: n=68 | ||||
F: n=61 | ||||
Soltirovska Salamon, | Pregnant women in | 4DDR | A | |
Benedik et al. 2015 ( |
third trimester | |||
Age: 30.6±4.4 years | ||||
n=132 | ||||
Urh, Babnik et | Elderly in a residential home | 7DDR | A | |
al. 2017 ( |
Age: mean 82.2 years | 2.6 | ||
n=48 | ||||
Zdešar-Kotnik 2019 ( |
Pupils of 1. years of | 2x24h-recall | C1 | |
Secondary school | M: 1.4 (0.8 – 2.5) | |||
M: Age: 13.5 years; n=162 | F: 1.0 (0.6 – 1.7) | |||
F: Age: 15.4 years; n=180 |
References | Data collection period | Study population | N | Serum 25(OH)D |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean conc.±SD or (95% CI) [nmol/L] | Prevalence of conc. < 50 nmol/L | Prevalence of conc. > 50 nmol/L | Publ. type | ||||
Avberšek-Lužnik | Jan 2014 - | Self-paying subjects | 73 | 65.1±33.0 | <25 nmol/L: 9.6% | 25-75 nmol/L: | B |
2016 ( |
Dec 2015 | from laboratory | 49.3% | ||||
information system | Apr-Sept: | 25-75 nmol/L: | |||||
in Gorenjska region | 75.3±37.1 | 49.3% | >75 nmol/L: 41.1% | ||||
Age: 19-90; mean | Oct-Mar: | ||||||
49 years | 55.7±25.7 | ||||||
Blazina, Bratanič | Oct - May | Children and | D1: 55 | D1: 55.1 | ‘Common’ | A | |
et al. 2010 ( |
adolescents with | deficiency | |||||
(year not | celiac disease on | D2: 19 | D2: 53.9 | between Dec | |||
provided) | strictly compliant | and Apr | |||||
to a gluten-free diet | |||||||
(D1) and not strictly | |||||||
compliant to a | |||||||
gluten-free diet (D2): | |||||||
D1 age: 11.4±4.3 | |||||||
years; 3.8–17.6 years | |||||||
D2 age: 13.4±4.8 | |||||||
years; 3.8–20.7 years | |||||||
Dovnik, Mujezinović | Sept 2013 | Pregnant women | 398 | Mothers: | Mothers: <25 | Mothers 50–80 | A, |
et al. 2014, Dovnik, Mujezinović et al. 2015, | Dec 2013 | and neonates | Mothers: | 43.4±23.8 | nmol/L: 23.6% | nmol/L: 27.9% | A, B, |
Dovnik, Mujezinović et | Age: | Sept 100 | Sep: 54.3±25.2 | Sept: 10.0% | Sept: 40.0% | B, | |
Mar 2014 | Dec 99 | Dec: 33.3±18.6 | Dec: 41.4% | Dec: 16.2% | |||
al. 2015, Dovnik 2016, | All: 29.6±4.7 years | Mar 10 | Mar: 28.5±17.1 | Mar: 34.0% | Mar: 12.0% | B, | |
Dovnik, Mujezinović et al. 2017, Dovnik, | Jun 2014 | Sept: 29.1±4.2 years Dec: 29.3±5.2 years | Jun 99 | Jun: 54.8±24.1 | Jun: 9.1% | Jun: 43.4% | C1 |
Mujezinović et al. | Mar: 29.6±4.6 years | 401 | Neonates: | Mothers: 25–50 | Mothers >80 | ||
2017 (33-38) | Jun: 30.3±4.9 years | Neonates: | 55.2±30.9 | nmol/L: 41.5% | nmol/L: 7% | ||
Sept 100 | Sep: 72.9±31.7 | Sept: 38.0% | Sept: 12.0% | ||||
Dec 100 | Dec: 52.5±27.3 | Dec: 40.4% | Dec: 2.0% | ||||
Mar 101 | Mar: 36.4±22.6 | Mar: 53.0% | Mar: 13.0% | ||||
Jun 100 | Jun: 59.5±24.9 | Jun: 34.3% | Jun: 13.1% | ||||
Neonates: | Neonates: | ||||||
<50 nmol/L: | 50–75 nmol/L: | ||||||
47.6% | 27.4% | ||||||
>75 nmol/L: | |||||||
24.9% | |||||||
Ekart, Vodošek Hojs | Outpatients | 72 | 55.75±27.59 | B | |||
et al. 2013 ( |
with chronic | ||||||
kidney disease in | |||||||
predialysis clinic | |||||||
Age: 60.72±12.7 years | |||||||
Ferant and Kozar | Mar 2011 - | Pediatrics patients | CD: 35 | CD: 32.5 | A, | ||
2012, Šikić Pogačar, | Apr 2012 | with celiac | B, | ||||
Dolinšek et al. 2013, | disease (CD) and | IBD: 35 | IBD: 32.6 | C4, | |||
Ferant, Kozar et | inflammatory bowel | K: 34 | K: 49.9 | ||||
al. 2014 (40-42) | disease (IBD) | ||||||
Age: 10-18 years | |||||||
Gradišnik 2017, | Feb - Mar 2016 | Institutionalized | 80 | 33.0±27.0 | IR: <7.5 | A, | |
Velnar, Gradišnik et | residents (IR), | nmol: 14% | C3 | ||||
al. 2018 (28, 29) | controls living | ||||||
(K) at home | IR: 42 | IR: 27.0 | K: <7.5 nmol: 13% | ||||
Age: 51-93 years | K: 38 | K: 39.5 | |||||
Gros 2008 ( |
2006 | Participants in | Jan | Jan | C3 | ||
the laboratory for | M: 54 | M: 31.9±16.2 | |||||
Jan, Feb, Mar, | analysis of hormones | F: 120 | F: 40.3±39.0 | ||||
Aug, Sept, Oct | and tumour markers | ||||||
Feb | Feb | ||||||
M:48 | M: 32.2±27.3 | ||||||
F: 82 | F: 29.5±21.7 | ||||||
Mar | Mar | ||||||
M: 67 | M: 27.6±21.8 | ||||||
F: 140 | F: 28.7±19.9 | ||||||
Aug | Aug | ||||||
F: 34 | F: 59.6±35.4 | ||||||
Sept | Sept | ||||||
M: 54 | M: 52.2±33.8 | ||||||
F: 81 | F: 55.9±26.3 | ||||||
Oct | Oct | ||||||
M: 42 | M: 55.8±23.9 | ||||||
F: 118 | F: 56.0±27.6 | ||||||
Hribar, Hristov et | 2017 - 2018 | A nationally | Adults: 125 | Adults: 50.7 | <30 nmol/L | <75 nmol/L | A |
al. 2020 ( |
representative sample | (45.4–56.0) | |||||
Summer: | of adults and elderly | Summer: 52 | Adults: 24.9% | Adults: 83.3% | |||
May-Oct, | Summer: 70.4 | ||||||
Winter: | Age adults: | Winter: 73 | (62.2–78.5) | Adults winter: 40.8% | Adults winter: 98.0% | ||
Nov-Apr | 18-64 years; | Winter: 36.7 | |||||
Adults summer: | Adults summer: | ||||||
mean 46.5±13.2 | Elderly: 155 | (32.5–40.9) | 2.6% | 62.6% | |||
Age elderly: | Summer: 64 | Elderly: 23.5% | Elderly: 84.4% | ||||
65-75 years; mean 68.6±2.8 | Winter: 91 | Elderly: 47.7 (43.9–51.5) | Elderly | Elderly winter: | |||
winter: 7.8% | 92.2% | ||||||
Summer: 60.1 | |||||||
(54.0–66.2) | Elderly summer: | Elderly summer: | |||||
34.6% | 73.4% | ||||||
Winter: 39.0 | |||||||
(35.0–43.0) | |||||||
<50 nmol/L | |||||||
Adults: 58.2% | |||||||
Adults winter: | |||||||
81.6% | |||||||
Adults summer: | |||||||
25.3% | |||||||
Elderly: 62.9% | |||||||
Elderly winter: | |||||||
78.8% | |||||||
Elderly summer: | |||||||
40.2% | |||||||
Humar 2015, | 2000 - 2010 | Patients with | 18 | Before | B, | ||
Osredkar, Humar et | IgA nephropathy | supplementation: | C3 | ||||
al. 2015 (49, 50) | before and after | 40.5±17.6 | |||||
cholecalciferol | |||||||
supplementation | After | ||||||
supplementation: | |||||||
Age: 47.1±10.1 years | 65.0±27.3 | ||||||
Jakopin, Pečovnik- | May 2008 - | Haemodialysis | 101 | 28.6±16.7 | <12 nmol/L: | 40 – 75 nmol/L: | A, |
Balon et al. 2011, | May 2010 | patients | 16.8% | 28.7% | C1 | ||
Jakopin 2013 (46, 47) | |||||||
Age: 63.3±13.5 years | 12 – 37 nmol/L: | >75nmol/L: 3% | |||||
51.5% | |||||||
40 – 75 nmol/L: | |||||||
28.7% | |||||||
Jakše, Sekulič 2020 (39 | ) Apr (year not | Indoor female | AG: 17 | 67.6±36.2 | <50 nmol/L: | 51–75 nmol/L: | A |
provided) | athletes: | S: 14 | 35.5% | 32.3% | |||
athletes engaged | S: 35.7% | S: 21.4% | |||||
in weight-bearing | AG: 65.1±36.0 | ||||||
(artistic gymnastic | S: 70.6±37.5 | AG: 35.3% | AG: 41.2% | ||||
(AG)) and non- | >75 nmol/L: | ||||||
weight-bearing | 32.3% | ||||||
(swimming (S)) sport | |||||||
S: 42.9% | |||||||
Age: 16.9±4.4 years | |||||||
AG: 23.5% | |||||||
Krajnc, Čokolič et | 2014 - 2017 | Hospitalised and | 2082 | Median: 62.9 | Most individuals | B | |
al. 2018 ( |
outpatient patients | lower than | |||||
mostly with | 75 nmol/L | ||||||
osteoporosis and | |||||||
vitamin D risk factors | |||||||
for insufficiency | |||||||
Krajnc, Čokolič et | (year not | Outpatient type | 45 | 58.0±35.1 | B | ||
al. 2013 ( |
provided) | II diabetics | |||||
Age: 59±8 years, | |||||||
mean: 10±8 | |||||||
Kšela and Zavratnik | Apr 2011 | Ambulatory | 47 | 33.8±17.1 | 2 patients above | B | |
2013 ( |
patients with type | 75 nmol/L | |||||
II diabetes mellitus | |||||||
Age: 65±8.7 years | |||||||
Marc 1993 ( |
(year not | Haemodialysis | 85 | 29.2±22.8 | C2 | ||
provided) | patients (DP) | ||||||
and continuous | DP: 51 | DP: 39.5 | |||||
peritoneal dialysis | CAPD: 34 | CAPD: 13.8 | |||||
patients (CAPD) | |||||||
Osredkar, Marc | 1994 - 1995 | Individuals from | 240 | Feb: 61.3 | A | ||
1996 ( |
general population | Apr: 71.5 | |||||
included on periodic | Jun: 92.8 | ||||||
medical examinations | Aug: 81.8 | ||||||
Oct: 74.5 | |||||||
Dec: 70.3 | |||||||
Pajek, Čuk et al. 2017, | 2014 - 2015 | Dialysis patients | DP: 54 | 68.0±28.4 | A, | ||
Šturm 2017 (24, 25) | (DP) from nine | C2 | |||||
Haemodialysis | K: 81 | DP: 73.1±35.4 | |||||
outpatient centres | K: 64.6±22 | ||||||
and controls (K) | |||||||
Age: 56.1±15.2 years | |||||||
Pajk 2011 ( |
Jan 2009 - | Postmenopausal | 457 | 48.2±27.4 | <25 nmol/L: | 25-75 nmol/L: | C3 |
Dec 2010 | women from | 25.8% | 56.7% | ||||
endocrinology | 55-69 | 55-69 years: | |||||
and nephrology | years: 170 | 51.6±27.0 | 25-75 nmol/L: | >75 nmol/L: | |||
outpatients centres | 70-79 | 70-79 years: | 56.7% | 17.5% | |||
Age: 55 - 90 years, | years: 166 | 48.8±26.8 | |||||
mean: 72.7 | 80-90 | 80-90 years: | |||||
years: 121 | 42.7±28.3 | ||||||
Pečovnik-Balon, Jakopin | Sept 2005 – | Haemodialysis | 102 | 58±35.6 | 10.5–50 | >50 nmol/L: 52% | A |
et al. 2009 ( |
Sept 2007 | patients treated | nmol/L: 48% | ||||
at the Department | |||||||
of Haemodialysis | |||||||
Age: 60.5±13.1 years | |||||||
Rakuša, Vrtovec | 2009 - 2018 | Heart transplantation | 123 | 73.5 (54.7–89.6) | <24.9 nmol/L: | 50.0–74.9 | A |
et al. 2020 ( |
recipients | 5.1% | nmol/L: 33.4% | ||||
Median age: 57 years | 25.0–49.9 | >75.0 nmol/L: | |||||
nmol/L: 16.2% | 45.3% | ||||||
Rondaij, Rotovnik Kozjek et al. 2021 ( |
Jan 2017 - Dec 2018 | Chronic intestinal failure patients on | 63 | 41.3 | <30 nmol/L: 24% | 50-75 nmol/L: 26% | |
long-term home | 30-50 nmol/L: | ||||||
parenteral nutrition | 48% | ||||||
Median age: 65 years | |||||||
Salkić 2016 ( |
Summer: Sept | Outpatient clinic | Summer: | Summer: 58.6 | C3 | ||
- Nov 2015 | laboratory | 776 | |||||
Winter: 52.3 | |||||||
Winter: Jan | Age: 64.5 years | Winter: 434 | |||||
- Mar 2015 | |||||||
Soltirovska Salamon, | Dec 2010 - | Pregnant Women | 132 | 74.7±27.5 | <50 nmol/L: 14% | 50-75 nmol/L: | A |
Benedik et al. 2015 ( |
Oct 2012 | in 3. trimester | 41% | ||||
Smaller subsamples | Age: 30.6±4.4 years | ||||||
of same population | |||||||
(31, 32) | |||||||
Tesovnik, Kovac | (year not | Juvenile population | |||||
et al. 2015 ( |
provided) | with type I diabetes | |||||
Age: 4-14 years, | |||||||
median: 8.7 | |||||||
Tomažič, Ul et | Jan - Feb 2006 | HIV-infected male | 96 | T1: 35.8 | <50 nmol/L: 82% | A | |
al. 2007 ( |
population, different treatments: on three | T1: 24 | T2: 26.5 | T1: 75% | |||
T1: antiretroviral | T2: 37 | T3: 36.5 | T2: 89% | ||||
treatment naïve; T2: | |||||||
treated with non- | T3: 35 | T3: 82% | |||||
protease-inhibitor | |||||||
antiretroviral | |||||||
treatment; T3: | |||||||
treated with | |||||||
protease-inhibitor | |||||||
containing | |||||||
antiretroviral | |||||||
treatment | |||||||
Age: 43 years | |||||||
Trdan 2016 ( |
2014 - 2015 | DM and controls | 818 | DM: 31.6±17.4 | C3 | ||
age: 67.6 years | DM: 266 | K: 49.2±29.6 | |||||
K age: 55.4 years | K: 552 | ||||||
Troskot and Duhovnik | Autumn 2011 | Patients treated with | P: 32 | P: 55.6±25.2 | P: | P: | C4 |
2013 ( |
- spring 2013 | antiepileptic drugs | <50 nmol/L: | 50-70 nmol/L: | |||
carbamazepine and | 46.9% | 31.3% | |||||
oxcarbazepine healthy controls (P) and (K) | >75 nmol/L: 21% | ||||||
P age: 28-59 years | K: | K: | |||||
K: 22 | K: 50.6±20 | <50 nmol/L: | 50-70 nmol/L: | ||||
K age: 29-60 years | 59.1% | 31.8% | |||||
>75 nmol/L: 9.1% | |||||||
Vindišar, Goličnik | (year not | Patients with | 38 | 39.6±11.9 | 20-50 nmol/L: | >50 nmol/L: | B |
et al. 2009 ( |
provided) | hip fracture | 85.8% | 13.2% | |||
Age: 58- 95 years, | |||||||
mean 79 years | |||||||
Vujasinović, Kunst | (year not | Patients 1 year after | 22 | <65 nmol/L: | A | ||
et al. 2016 ( |
provided) | bariatric surgery | 95.4% | ||||
Age: 42.0±9.2 years | |||||||
Žmitek, Hribar et | Jan - Mar 2019 | Healthy adults, mostly | 238 | 44.0±17.0 | <30 nmol/L: 21% | 50 -75 nmol/L: | A |
al. 2020 ( |
from Central Slovenia | M: 44.3±16.0 | 30 -50 nmol/L: | 31% | |||
Age: 18–65 years; | 45% | >75 nmol/L: 3% | |||||
mean 37.7±11.4 | F: 43.8±18.0 |