Acceso abierto

A systematic review of vitamin D status and dietary intake in various Slovenian populations

Maša Hribar
Maša Hribar
, 
Evgen Benedik
Evgen Benedik
, 
Matej Gregorič
Matej Gregorič
, 
Urška Blaznik
Urška Blaznik
, 
Andreja Kukec
Andreja Kukec
, 
Hristo Hristov
Hristo Hristov
, 
Katja Žmitek
Katja Žmitek
 y 
Igor Pravst
Igor Pravst
   | 03 ene 2022
Slovenian Journal of Public Health's Cover Image
Acerca de este artículo
Artículo anterior
Artículo siguiente
Cite
Article Category: Review
Publicado en línea: 03 ene 2022
Páginas: 55 - 72
Recibido: 26 ago 2021
Aceptado: 05 nov 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sjph-2022-0009
Palabras clave
© 2022 National Institute of Public Health, Slovenia, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1

PRISMA flow diagram (16) of the literature review process for vitamin D intake and status in various Slovenian populations. Notes: WOS: Web of Science; COBISS: Co-operative Online Bibliographic System & Services, 25(OH)D: 25-hydroxy-vitamin D; VitD: Vitamin D.
PRISMA flow diagram (16) of the literature review process for vitamin D intake and status in various Slovenian populations. Notes: WOS: Web of Science; COBISS: Co-operative Online Bibliographic System & Services, 25(OH)D: 25-hydroxy-vitamin D; VitD: Vitamin D.

Figure 2

Box plots of the weighted mean serum 25(OH) D levels for different bi-monthly periods (n=280; monitoring time frame: 12 months in 2017-2018) with a presentation of outliers (●). Results of a nationally representative Nutrihealth study (ClinicalTrial.gov:NCT03284840) reproduced from (20) with approval of the authors.
Box plots of the weighted mean serum 25(OH) D levels for different bi-monthly periods (n=280; monitoring time frame: 12 months in 2017-2018) with a presentation of outliers (●). Results of a nationally representative Nutrihealth study (ClinicalTrial.gov:NCT03284840) reproduced from (20) with approval of the authors.

Figure 3

Forest plot of studies with at least 50 healthy subjects evaluating the proportion of insufficient serum 25(OH)D level (<50 nmol/L). *Note: In one study (Soltirovska et al. 2015) sampling was carried out across the year, but the majority of the samples were collected during extended summer.
Forest plot of studies with at least 50 healthy subjects evaluating the proportion of insufficient serum 25(OH)D level (<50 nmol/L). *Note: In one study (Soltirovska et al. 2015) sampling was carried out across the year, but the majority of the samples were collected during extended summer.

Figure 4

Forest plot of studies with at least 50 healthy subjects evaluating the proportion of non-optimal serum 25(OH)D level (<75 nmol/L). *Note: In one study (Dovnik et al. 2015), the non-optimal 25(OH)D level was set at 80 nmol/L.
Forest plot of studies with at least 50 healthy subjects evaluating the proportion of non-optimal serum 25(OH)D level (<75 nmol/L). *Note: In one study (Dovnik et al. 2015), the non-optimal 25(OH)D level was set at 80 nmol/L.

Review of reports for vitamin D intake in the Slovenian population.

Authors Population Mean vitamin D intake [μg/day] Data collection Publication type
Fidler Mis, Kobe et al. Teenagers M: 4±4 sq-FFQ (n=2,661) A
2012 (61) Age 15-16 years F: 4±3 3DDR for adjustment
M: n=1,010 (n=197)
F: n=1,214
Gregorič 2019 (69, 70) Elderly in residential home 2 x 24h-recall: 1.1±0.6 2 x 24 h-recall A, C3
n=49 3DDR: 1.3±0.7 3DDR
Age: 65-91 years
Gregorič 2015 (62) Teenagers from 10 primary All: 1.7 2 x 24h recall C1
schools
Age 11-15 years n=327 6. grade
6. grade: age 11-12 years, F: 1.6±0.9
mean 12.0±0.1 M: 1.9±1.3
F: n=79
M: n=78 8. grade
8. grade 13-15 years, mean 14.0±0.2 F: 1.5±1.3
F: n=84 M: 1.9±1.3
M: n=86
Hribar 2021 (19) Adolescents Adolescents 2 x 24h recall A
Age: 10-17 years All: 2.7 adjusted with FPQ
M: n=238 M: 3.0
F: n=230 F: 2.4
Adults Adults
Age: 18-64 years All: 2.9
M: n=173 M: 3.4
F: n=191 F: 2.3
Elderly Elderly
Age: 65-74 years All: 2.5
M: n=213 M: 2.6
F: n=203 F: 2.3
Jakše 2020 (71) Healthy, active adults after Food, supplements, and plant- 3DDR A
dietary intervention study based meal replacements:
Age: 18-78 years, M: 7.1±5.8
mean 39.6 years F: 14.2±19.4
M: n= 42 Food:
F: n=109 M: 0.5 ±1.1
F: 0.6 ±1.0
Supplements, and plant-
based meal replacements:
M: 6.6±5.7
F: 13.6±19.3
Jeretina 2019 (66) Healthy peri- and Food: 1.3±0.93 sq-FFQ for fish, milk, C2
postmenopausal women Food and supplements: and milk products
Age: 40 - 65 years, 4.1±10.8
mean 57.1±4.7 years
n=59
Juvan 1997 (68) Students eating 2.6 7DDR C3
vegetarian diets Semi-vegetarians: 3.3
n=14 Lacto-ovo vegetarians: 2.8
Semi-vegetarians: 21% Lacto vegetarians: 1.1
Lacto-ovo vegetarians: 58%
Lacto vegetarians: 21%
Koch and Gregorič Nationally representative Consumed with breakfast 24h-recall A
2009 (63) data from secondary M: 0.3±0.5
school students F: 0.2±0.4
Age: mean 18 years
M: n=216
F: n=237
Kocuvan Mijatov and Adult female coeliac 3DDR A
Mičetić-Turk 2016 (72) disease patients 2.6
Age: 23 - 76 years
n=40
Lichthammer, Nagy et Teenage and adult sq-FFQ A
al. 2015 (65) population All: 2.57
Age: 15-75 years, mean 38.8 n=81 -------14-18 years: 3.7±3.3 19-29 years: 3.0±2.1
30-69 years: 2.5±1.7
Lopert 2019 (73) Female patients with >70 years: 1.0±2.4 FFQ, 24h-recall C2
osteoporosis FFQ: 1.8
Age: mean 71.4 years 24h-recall: 1.4
n=43
Poličnik, Pokorn Pre-school children in 3DDR A
et al. 2013 (60) Central Slovenia All: 1.1±0.7
Age: 2-6 years, average 4.2 M: 1.0±0.7
n=129 F: 1.1±0.7
M: n=68
F: n=61
Soltirovska Salamon, Pregnant women in 4DDR A
Benedik et al. 2015 (17) third trimester
Age: 30.6±4.4 years
n=132
Urh, Babnik et Elderly in a residential home 7DDR A
al. 2017 (67) Age: mean 82.2 years 2.6
n=48
Zdešar-Kotnik 2019 (64) Pupils of 1. years of 2x24h-recall C1
Secondary school M: 1.4 (0.8 – 2.5)
M: Age: 13.5 years; n=162 F: 1.0 (0.6 – 1.7)
F: Age: 15.4 years; n=180

Review of reports for vitamin D status in the Slovenian population.

References Data collection period Study population N Serum 25(OH)D
Mean conc.±SD or (95% CI) [nmol/L] Prevalence of conc. < 50 nmol/L Prevalence of conc. > 50 nmol/L Publ. type
Avberšek-Lužnik Jan 2014 - Self-paying subjects 73 65.1±33.0 <25 nmol/L: 9.6% 25-75 nmol/L: B
2016 (23) Dec 2015 from laboratory 49.3%
information system Apr-Sept: 25-75 nmol/L:
in Gorenjska region 75.3±37.1 49.3% >75 nmol/L: 41.1%
Age: 19-90; mean Oct-Mar:
49 years 55.7±25.7
Blazina, Bratanič Oct - May Children and D1: 55 D1: 55.1 ‘Common’ A
et al. 2010 (43) adolescents with deficiency
(year not celiac disease on D2: 19 D2: 53.9 between Dec
provided) strictly compliant and Apr
to a gluten-free diet
(D1) and not strictly
compliant to a
gluten-free diet (D2):
D1 age: 11.4±4.3
years; 3.8–17.6 years
D2 age: 13.4±4.8
years; 3.8–20.7 years
Dovnik, Mujezinović Sept 2013 Pregnant women 398 Mothers: Mothers: <25 Mothers 50–80 A,
et al. 2014, Dovnik, Mujezinović et al. 2015, Dec 2013 and neonates Mothers: 43.4±23.8 nmol/L: 23.6% nmol/L: 27.9% A, B,
Dovnik, Mujezinović et Age: Sept 100 Sep: 54.3±25.2 Sept: 10.0% Sept: 40.0% B,
Mar 2014 Dec 99 Dec: 33.3±18.6 Dec: 41.4% Dec: 16.2%
al. 2015, Dovnik 2016, All: 29.6±4.7 years Mar 10 Mar: 28.5±17.1 Mar: 34.0% Mar: 12.0% B,
Dovnik, Mujezinović et al. 2017, Dovnik, Jun 2014 Sept: 29.1±4.2 years Dec: 29.3±5.2 years Jun 99 Jun: 54.8±24.1 Jun: 9.1% Jun: 43.4% C1
Mujezinović et al. Mar: 29.6±4.6 years 401 Neonates: Mothers: 25–50 Mothers >80
2017 (33-38) Jun: 30.3±4.9 years Neonates: 55.2±30.9 nmol/L: 41.5% nmol/L: 7%
Sept 100 Sep: 72.9±31.7 Sept: 38.0% Sept: 12.0%
Dec 100 Dec: 52.5±27.3 Dec: 40.4% Dec: 2.0%
Mar 101 Mar: 36.4±22.6 Mar: 53.0% Mar: 13.0%
Jun 100 Jun: 59.5±24.9 Jun: 34.3% Jun: 13.1%
Neonates: Neonates:
<50 nmol/L: 50–75 nmol/L:
47.6% 27.4%
>75 nmol/L:
24.9%
Ekart, Vodošek Hojs Outpatients 72 55.75±27.59 B
et al. 2013 (45) with chronic
kidney disease in
predialysis clinic
Age: 60.72±12.7 years
Ferant and Kozar Mar 2011 - Pediatrics patients CD: 35 CD: 32.5 A,
2012, Šikić Pogačar, Apr 2012 with celiac B,
Dolinšek et al. 2013, disease (CD) and IBD: 35 IBD: 32.6 C4,
Ferant, Kozar et inflammatory bowel K: 34 K: 49.9
al. 2014 (40-42) disease (IBD)
Age: 10-18 years
Gradišnik 2017, Feb - Mar 2016 Institutionalized 80 33.0±27.0 IR: <7.5 A,
Velnar, Gradišnik et residents (IR), nmol: 14% C3
al. 2018 (28, 29) controls living
(K) at home IR: 42 IR: 27.0 K: <7.5 nmol: 13%
Age: 51-93 years K: 38 K: 39.5
Gros 2008 (55) 2006 Participants in Jan Jan C3
the laboratory for M: 54 M: 31.9±16.2
Jan, Feb, Mar, analysis of hormones F: 120 F: 40.3±39.0
Aug, Sept, Oct and tumour markers
Feb Feb
M:48 M: 32.2±27.3
F: 82 F: 29.5±21.7
Mar Mar
M: 67 M: 27.6±21.8
F: 140 F: 28.7±19.9
Aug Aug
F: 34 F: 59.6±35.4
Sept Sept
M: 54 M: 52.2±33.8
F: 81 F: 55.9±26.3
Oct Oct
M: 42 M: 55.8±23.9
F: 118 F: 56.0±27.6
Hribar, Hristov et 2017 - 2018 A nationally Adults: 125 Adults: 50.7 <30 nmol/L <75 nmol/L A
al. 2020 (20) representative sample (45.4–56.0)
Summer: of adults and elderly Summer: 52 Adults: 24.9% Adults: 83.3%
May-Oct, Summer: 70.4
Winter: Age adults: Winter: 73 (62.2–78.5) Adults winter: 40.8% Adults winter: 98.0%
Nov-Apr 18-64 years; Winter: 36.7
Adults summer: Adults summer:
mean 46.5±13.2 Elderly: 155 (32.5–40.9) 2.6% 62.6%
Age elderly: Summer: 64 Elderly: 23.5% Elderly: 84.4%
65-75 years; mean 68.6±2.8 Winter: 91 Elderly: 47.7 (43.9–51.5) Elderly Elderly winter:
winter: 7.8% 92.2%
Summer: 60.1
(54.0–66.2) Elderly summer: Elderly summer:
34.6% 73.4%
Winter: 39.0
(35.0–43.0)
<50 nmol/L
Adults: 58.2%
Adults winter:
81.6%
Adults summer:
25.3%
Elderly: 62.9%
Elderly winter:
78.8%
Elderly summer:
40.2%
Humar 2015, 2000 - 2010 Patients with 18 Before B,
Osredkar, Humar et IgA nephropathy supplementation: C3
al. 2015 (49, 50) before and after 40.5±17.6
cholecalciferol
supplementation After
supplementation:
Age: 47.1±10.1 years 65.0±27.3
Jakopin, Pečovnik- May 2008 - Haemodialysis 101 28.6±16.7 <12 nmol/L: 40 – 75 nmol/L: A,
Balon et al. 2011, May 2010 patients 16.8% 28.7% C1
Jakopin 2013 (46, 47)
Age: 63.3±13.5 years 12 – 37 nmol/L: >75nmol/L: 3%
51.5%
40 – 75 nmol/L:
28.7%
Jakše, Sekulič 2020 (39 ) Apr (year not Indoor female AG: 17 67.6±36.2 <50 nmol/L: 51–75 nmol/L: A
provided) athletes: S: 14 35.5% 32.3%
athletes engaged S: 35.7% S: 21.4%
in weight-bearing AG: 65.1±36.0
(artistic gymnastic S: 70.6±37.5 AG: 35.3% AG: 41.2%
(AG)) and non- >75 nmol/L:
weight-bearing 32.3%
(swimming (S)) sport
S: 42.9%
Age: 16.9±4.4 years
AG: 23.5%
Krajnc, Čokolič et 2014 - 2017 Hospitalised and 2082 Median: 62.9 Most individuals B
al. 2018 (54) outpatient patients lower than
mostly with 75 nmol/L
osteoporosis and
vitamin D risk factors
for insufficiency
Krajnc, Čokolič et (year not Outpatient type 45 58.0±35.1 B
al. 2013 (51) provided) II diabetics
Age: 59±8 years,
mean: 10±8
Kšela and Zavratnik Apr 2011 Ambulatory 47 33.8±17.1 2 patients above B
2013 (52) patients with type 75 nmol/L
II diabetes mellitus
Age: 65±8.7 years
Marc 1993 (18) (year not Haemodialysis 85 29.2±22.8 C2
provided) patients (DP)
and continuous DP: 51 DP: 39.5
peritoneal dialysis CAPD: 34 CAPD: 13.8
patients (CAPD)
Osredkar, Marc 1994 - 1995 Individuals from 240 Feb: 61.3 A
1996 (22) general population Apr: 71.5
included on periodic Jun: 92.8
medical examinations Aug: 81.8
Oct: 74.5
Dec: 70.3
Pajek, Čuk et al. 2017, 2014 - 2015 Dialysis patients DP: 54 68.0±28.4 A,
Šturm 2017 (24, 25) (DP) from nine C2
Haemodialysis K: 81 DP: 73.1±35.4
outpatient centres K: 64.6±22
and controls (K)
Age: 56.1±15.2 years
Pajk 2011 (30) Jan 2009 - Postmenopausal 457 48.2±27.4 <25 nmol/L: 25-75 nmol/L: C3
Dec 2010 women from 25.8% 56.7%
endocrinology 55-69 55-69 years:
and nephrology years: 170 51.6±27.0 25-75 nmol/L: >75 nmol/L:
outpatients centres 70-79 70-79 years: 56.7% 17.5%
Age: 55 - 90 years, years: 166 48.8±26.8
mean: 72.7 80-90 80-90 years:
years: 121 42.7±28.3
Pečovnik-Balon, Jakopin Sept 2005 – Haemodialysis 102 58±35.6 10.5–50 >50 nmol/L: 52% A
et al. 2009 (48) Sept 2007 patients treated nmol/L: 48%
at the Department
of Haemodialysis
Age: 60.5±13.1 years
Rakuša, Vrtovec 2009 - 2018 Heart transplantation 123 73.5 (54.7–89.6) <24.9 nmol/L: 50.0–74.9 A
et al. 2020 (57) recipients 5.1% nmol/L: 33.4%
Median age: 57 years 25.0–49.9 >75.0 nmol/L:
nmol/L: 16.2% 45.3%
Rondaij, Rotovnik Kozjek et al. 2021 (59) Jan 2017 - Dec 2018 Chronic intestinal failure patients on 63 41.3 <30 nmol/L: 24% 50-75 nmol/L: 26%
long-term home 30-50 nmol/L:
parenteral nutrition 48%
Median age: 65 years
Salkić 2016 (56) Summer: Sept Outpatient clinic Summer: Summer: 58.6 C3
- Nov 2015 laboratory 776
Winter: 52.3
Winter: Jan Age: 64.5 years Winter: 434
- Mar 2015
Soltirovska Salamon, Dec 2010 - Pregnant Women 132 74.7±27.5 <50 nmol/L: 14% 50-75 nmol/L: A
Benedik et al. 2015 (17) Oct 2012 in 3. trimester 41%
Smaller subsamples Age: 30.6±4.4 years
of same population
(31, 32)
Tesovnik, Kovac (year not Juvenile population
et al. 2015 (44) provided) with type I diabetes
Age: 4-14 years,
median: 8.7
Tomažič, Ul et Jan - Feb 2006 HIV-infected male 96 T1: 35.8 <50 nmol/L: 82% A
al. 2007 (58) population, different treatments: on three T1: 24 T2: 26.5 T1: 75%
T1: antiretroviral T2: 37 T3: 36.5 T2: 89%
treatment naïve; T2:
treated with non- T3: 35 T3: 82%
protease-inhibitor
antiretroviral
treatment; T3:
treated with
protease-inhibitor
containing
antiretroviral
treatment
Age: 43 years
Trdan 2016 (26) 2014 - 2015 DM and controls 818 DM: 31.6±17.4 C3
age: 67.6 years DM: 266 K: 49.2±29.6
K age: 55.4 years K: 552
Troskot and Duhovnik Autumn 2011 Patients treated with P: 32 P: 55.6±25.2 P: P: C4
2013 (27) - spring 2013 antiepileptic drugs <50 nmol/L: 50-70 nmol/L:
carbamazepine and 46.9% 31.3%
oxcarbazepine healthy controls (P) and (K) >75 nmol/L: 21%
P age: 28-59 years K: K:
K: 22 K: 50.6±20 <50 nmol/L: 50-70 nmol/L:
K age: 29-60 years 59.1% 31.8%
>75 nmol/L: 9.1%
Vindišar, Goličnik (year not Patients with 38 39.6±11.9 20-50 nmol/L: >50 nmol/L: B
et al. 2009 (53) provided) hip fracture 85.8% 13.2%
Age: 58- 95 years,
mean 79 years
Vujasinović, Kunst (year not Patients 1 year after 22 <65 nmol/L: A
et al. 2016 (104) provided) bariatric surgery 95.4%
Age: 42.0±9.2 years
Žmitek, Hribar et Jan - Mar 2019 Healthy adults, mostly 238 44.0±17.0 <30 nmol/L: 21% 50 -75 nmol/L: A
al. 2020 (21) from Central Slovenia M: 44.3±16.0 30 -50 nmol/L: 31%
Age: 18–65 years; 45% >75 nmol/L: 3%
mean 37.7±11.4 F: 43.8±18.0
eISSN:
1854-2476
Idioma:
Inglés
Calendario de la edición:
4 veces al año
Temas de la revista:
Medicine, Clinical Medicine, Hygiene and Environmental Medicine
RSS Feed de revista