| Factors and items, mean, 95% CI |
1st year P* |
2nd year P** |
3rd year P*** |
1st year P* |
2nd year P** |
|
3rd year P*** |
|
| Working in team |
4.1 (4.0-4.2) |
4.05 (3.93-4.18) |
4.02 (3.90-4.15) |
4.18 (4.07-4.29) |
4.11 (3.99-4.23) |
|
4.22 (4.09-4.35) |
|
| 1. Team dynamics and authority/ power differences |
4.13 (3.99-4.27) |
4.18 (4.04-4.31) |
4.13 (3.99-4.28) |
4.31 (4.18-4.44) |
4.31 (4.18-4.44) |
|
4.40 (4.26-4.54) |
| 2. Managing interprofessional conflicts |
4.10 (3.93-4.27) |
3.99 (3.82-4.16) |
3.88 (3.71-4.05) |
4.10 (3.94-4.26) |
4.02 (3.86-4.18) |
|
4.13 (3.97-4.29) |
| 3. Debriefing and supporting team members after an adverse event/close call |
4.16 (3.99-4.32) |
4.01 (3.82-4.20) |
3.91 (3.74-4.08) |
4.21 (4.04-4.38) |
4.06 (3.88-4.23) |
|
4.22 (4.04-4.41) |
| 4. Sharing authority, leadership, decision-making |
4.14 (3.99-4.28) |
4.16 (4.00-4.31) |
4.10 (3.97-4.23) |
4.13 (3.98-4.29) |
4.20 (4.06-4.34) |
|
4.28 (4.13-4.43) |
| 5. Encouraging team members to speak up, question, challenge, advocate, and be accountable as appropriate to address safety issues |
4.13 (3.97-4.30) |
4.08 (3.91-4.25) |
4.10 (3.97-4.28) |
4.24 (4.08-4.41) |
4.03 (3.85-4.21) |
|
4.13 (3.95-4.32) |
|
| Communicating effectively |
4.38 (4.25- 4.51) |
4.33 (4.18-4.47) |
4.50 (4.27-4.72) |
4.43 (4.27-4.58) |
4.33 0.027 (4.21-4.45) |
|
4.51 (4.38-4.64) |
|
| 6. Enhancing PS through clear and consistent communication with patients |
4.42 (4.28-4.56) |
4.45 (4.31-4.59) |
4.44 (4.32-4.57) |
4.61 (4.48-4.73) |
4.43 (4.30-4.56) |
|
4.52 (4.38-4.66) |
| 7. Enhancing PS through effective communication with healthcare providers |
4.41 (4.28-4.54) |
4.38 (4.23-4.53) |
4.40 (4.27-4.53) |
4.45 (4.31-4.58) |
4.41 (4.29-4.54) |
|
4.54 (4.41-4.68) |
| 8. Effective verbal/nonverbal communication abilities to prevent adverse events |
4.43 (4.16-4.48) |
4.21 (4.06-4.37) |
4.66 (4.01-4.70) |
4.38 (4.22-4.54) |
4.22 (4.08-4.36) |
|
4.48 (4.33-4.66) |
|
| Managing safety risk |
4.12 (3.98-4.25) |
4.19 (4.04-4.34) |
4.27 (4.15-4.38) |
4.18 (4.05-4.31) |
4.07 <0.01 (3.91-4.22) |
|
4.38 <0.01 (4.26-4.51) |
|
| 9. Recognizing routine situations in which safety problems may arise |
4.26 (4.12-4.39) |
4.32 (4.19-4.44) |
4.31 (4.18-4.44) |
4.36 (4.22-4.49) |
4.30 (4.16-4.44) |
|
4.47 (4.33-4.60) |
| 10. Identifying and implementing safety solutions |
4.15 (4.00-4.29) |
4.31 (4.20-4.43) |
4.28 (4.16-4.40) |
4.24 (4.10-4.37) |
4.10 (3.97-4.23) |
|
4.36 (4.22-4.49) |
| 11. Anticipating and managing high- risk situations |
4.06 (3.85-4.26) |
4.18 (4.04-4.32) |
4.22 (4.09-4.35) |
4.06 (3.8-4.26) |
4.02 (3.85-4.19) |
|
4.34 (4.20-4.49) |
|
| Understanding human and environmental factors |
4.21 (4.10-4.33) |
4.18 (4.04-4.31) |
4.27 (4.13-4.40) |
4.36 (4.25-4.47) |
4.27 (4.16-4.38) |
<0.01 |
4.48 (4.36-4.60) |
|
| 12. The role of human factors (fatigue) affecting PS |
4.20 (4.05-4.35) |
4.26 (4.09-4.42) |
4.27 (4.10-4.44) |
4.43 (4.30-4.56) |
4.49 (4.35-4.62) |
|
4.41 (4.26-4.56) |
| 13. Safe application of health technology |
4.12 (3.67-4.27) |
4.06 (3.89-4.22) |
4.19 (4.04-4.34) |
4.27 (4.10-4.44) |
4.09 (3.95-4.23) |
|
4.46 (4.31-4.60) |
| 14. The role of environmental factors, such as workflow, ergonomics, and resources, which effect PS |
4.33 (4.18-4.49) |
4.28 (4.15-4.40) |
4.36 (4.21-4.50) |
4.40 (4.24-4.56) |
4.26 (4.12-4.39) |
|
4.41 (4.26-4.56) |
|
| Recognizing and responding to adverse events |
4.12 (4.00-4.24) |
4.16 (4.04-4.28) |
4.25 (4.13-4.37) |
4.19 (4.06-4.32) |
4.06 (3.95-4.18) |
<0.01 |
4.27 (4.13-4.41) |
|
| 15. Recognizing an adverse event or close call |
4.16 (4.03-4.28) |
4.19 (4.06-4.32) |
4.32 (4.19-4.45) |
4.18 (4.03-4.33) |
4.16 (4.02-4.29) |
|
4.33 (4.18-4.49) |
| 16. Reducing harm by addressing immediate risks for patients and others involved |
4.16 (4.02-4.29) |
4.19 (4.03-4.35) |
4.27 (4.13-4.40) |
4.31 (4.17-4.46) |
4.08 (3.93-4.22) |
|
4.35 (4.21-4.49) |
| 17. Disclosing an adverse event to the patient |
4.12 (3.95-4.30) |
4.19 (4.04-4.34) |
4.12 (3.96-4.28) |
4.13 (3.96-4.31) |
4.08 (3.83-4.19) |
|
4.17 (3.98-4.35) |
| 18. Participating in timely event analysis, reflective practice, and planning in order to prevent recurrence |
4.07 (3.92-4.21) |
4.13 (3.99-4.28) |
4.30 (4.15-4.45) |
4.16 (3.99-4.32) |
4.03 (3.87-4.20) |
|
4.29 (4.13-4.45) |
|
| Culture of safety |
4.24 (4.14-4.34) |
4.06 (3.86-4.25) |
4.26 (4.09-4.44) |
4.38 (4.28-4.47) |
4.06 (3.88-4.25) |
<0.01 |
4.38 (4.21-4.55) |
|
| 19. The ways in which healthcare is complex and has many vulnerabilities |
4.08 (3.93-4.23) |
4.02 (3.86-4.19) |
4.19 (4.05-4.34) |
4.29 (4.13-4.45) |
4.07 (3.91-4.22) |
|
4.36 (4.23-4.50) |
| 20. Having a questioning attitude and speaking up when you see things that may be unsafe |
4.40 (4.26-4.54) |
4.36 (4.21-4.50) |
4.56 (4.43-4.68) |
4.50 (4.39-4.61) |
4.49 (4.37-4.62) |
|
4.69 (4.58-4.80) |
| 21. The importance of a supportive environment encouraging patients and providers to speak up when they have safety concerns |
4.29 (4.16-4.42) |
4.37 (4.21-4.52) |
4.38 (4.22-4.53) |
4.46 (4.33-4.59) |
4.30 (4.15-4.45) |
|
4.51 (4.38-4.65) |
| 22. Systems, system failures, and their role in adverse events |
4.20 (4.04-4.36) |
4.07 (3.91-4.23) |
4.33 (4.18-4.48) |
4.28 (4.11-4.44) |
3.98 (3.82-4.13) |
|
4.36 (4.21-4.51) |
|
| Total |
4.19 (4.11-4.28) |
4.16 (4.06-4.26) |
4.26 (4.16-4.32) |
4.28 (4.20-4.37) |
4.15 (4.07-4.23) |
<0.01 |
4.37 (4.27-4.47) |
