min-max | min-max | min-max | |||||||
Age | 10.59 | 4.55 | 3–17 | 10.12 | 3.88 | 3–17 | 10.42 | 2.86 | 3–17 |
% | % | % | |||||||
Female gender | 496 | 48.72 | 211 | 32.31 | 164 | 29.18 | |||
NDC | |||||||||
ADHD | 35 | 3.44 | 76 | 11.64 | 547 | 97.33 | |||
Autism | 21 | 2.06 | 218 | 33.38 | 0 | 0.00 | |||
ADHD and autism | 14 | 1.38 | 173 | 26.49 | 12 | 2.14 | |||
ID w/wo autism or ADHD | n/a |
n/a |
138 | 21.13 | n/a |
n/a |
|||
Other disability |
15 | 1.47 | 48 | 7.35 | |||||
Any disability | 87 | 8.55 | 653 | 100 | 562 | 100 |
min-max | min-max | min-max | ||||||||
Age | 40.96 | 8.34 | 19–63 | 43.43 | 6.54 | 24–68 | 43.24 | 6.66 | 26–73 | |
Number of children < 18 years of age | 1.78 | 0.80 | 1–6 | 2.05 | 0.80 | 1–6 | ||||
% | % | % | ||||||||
Female gender | 554 | 54.42 | 555 | 84.99 | 339 | 60.32 | ||||
Working | 825 | 81.04 | 509 | 77.95 | 483 | 85.94 | ||||
Highest education | ||||||||||
Elementary | 42 | 4.13 | 21 | 3.22 | 13 | 2.31 | ||||
Upper secondary | 491 | 48.23 | 177 | 21.77 | 231 | 41.10 | ||||
University | 485 | 47.64 | 344 | 52.68 | 274 | 48.75 | ||||
Other | 110 | 16.85 | 25 | 4.45 | ||||||
ADHD | 29 | 2.85 | 29 | 4.44 | 20 | 3.56 | ||||
Autism w/wo ADHD | 18 | 1.77 | 24 | 3.68 | n/a |
n/a |
||||
HADS-Anx | ||||||||||
normal (≤ 7) | 587 | 57.66 | 77 | 11.79 | ||||||
mild (8–10) | 197 | 19.35 | 141 | 21.59 | ||||||
≥ moderate (≥ 11) | 234 | 22.99 | 431 | 66.00 | ||||||
HADS-Dep | ||||||||||
normal (≤ 7) | 775 | 76.13 | 258 | 39.51 | ||||||
mild (8–10) | 170 | 16.7 | 191 | 29.25 | ||||||
≥ moderate (≥ 11) | 73 | 7.17 | 199 | 30.47 |
F1 | F2 | h2 | |
---|---|---|---|
5. I feel close to my child(ren) (r) | 0.86 |
−0.09 | 0.71 |
6. I enjoy spending time with my child(ren) (r) | 0.86 |
−0.01 | 0.73 |
2. There is little or nothing I wouldn’t do for my child(ren) if it was necessary (r) | 0.81 |
−0.11 | 0.62 |
18. I find my child(ren) enjoyable (r) | 0.80 |
0.04 | 0.66 |
7. My child(ren) is an important source of affection for me (r) | 0.77 |
−0.12 | 0.55 |
1. I am happy in my role as a parent (r) | 0.69 |
0.13 | 0.53 |
17. I am satisfied as a parent (r) | 0.60 |
0.20 | 0.46 |
8. Having child(ren) gives me a more certain and optimistic view for the future (r) | 0.50 |
−0.01 | 0.25 |
10. Having child(ren) leaves little time and flexibility in my life | −0.03 | 0.75 |
0.55 |
12. It is difficult to balance different responsibilities because of my child(ren) | 0.01 | 0.74 |
0.56 |
16. Having child(ren) has meant having too few choices and too little control over my life | 0.16 | 0.70 |
0.57 |
9. The major source of stress in my life is my child(ren) | 0.06 | 0.68 |
0.48 |
3. Caring for my child(ren) sometimes takes more time and energy than I have to give | −0.22 | 0.63 |
0.38 |
11. Having child(ren) has been a financial burden | 0.05 | 0.55 |
0.32 |
4. I sometimes worry whether I am doing enough for my child(ren) | −0.29 | 0.53 |
0.29 |
13. The behavior of my child(ren) is often embarrassing or stressful to me. | 0.28 | 0.51 |
0.41 |
15. I feel overwhelmed by the responsibility of being a parent | 0.03 | 0.48 |
0.23 |
14. If I had it to do over again, I might decide not to have child(ren) | |||
30.65 | 18.17 | ||
.25 |
Items | diffic. | s2 | diffic. | diffic. | Test statistic |
Dunn’s post hoc tests | ||||||||
1 (r) | 1.59 | 0.84 | 0.32 | .55 | 2.34 | 1.37 | 0.47 | .64 | 1.85 | 0.92 | 0.37 | .65 | 221.01 (2) |
distressed > adhd > community |
2 (r) | 1.30 | 0.52 | 0.26 | .42 | 1.18 | 0.22 | 0.24 | .20 | 1.14 | 0.17 | 0.23 | .15 | 15.51 (2) |
community > distressed = adhd |
3 | 3.50 | 1.56 | 0.70 | .34 | 4.74 | 0.33 | 0.95 | .22 | 4.17 | 1.06 | 0.83 | .39 | 580.82 (2) |
distressed > adhd > community |
4 | 3.66 | 1.43 | 0.73 | .22 | 4.45 | 1.01 | 0.89 | .07 | 4.28 | 0.87 | 0.86 | .22 | 303.70(2) |
distressed > adhd > community |
5 (r) | 1.39 | 0.64 | 0.28 | .46 | 1.49 | 0.65 | 0.30 | .31 | 1.48 | 0.54 | 0.30 | .40 | 20.42 (2) |
adhd = distressed > community |
6 (r) | 1.41 | 0.63 | 0.28 | .53 | 1.81 | 0.84 | 0.36 | .59 | 1.49 | 0.54 | 0.30 | .57 | 133.51 (2) |
distressed > adhd > community |
7 (r) | 1.49 | 0.68 | 0.30 | .39 | 1.76 | 1.09 | 0.35 | .37 | 1.69 | 0.89 | 0.34 | .30 | 33.31(2) |
distressed = adhd > community |
8 (r) | 2.00 | 1.09 | 0.40 | .32 | 2.76 | 1.41 | 0.55 | .44 | 2.21 | 1.19 | 0.44 | .33 | 177.57 (2) |
distressed > adhd > community |
9 | 2.42 | 1.53 | 0.48 | .58 | 3.75 | 1.25 | 0.75 | .35 | 2.98 | 1.72 | 0.60 | .52 | 394.87 (2) |
distressed > adhd > community |
10 | 2.77 | 1.59 | 0.55 | .56 | 3.45 | 1.61 | 0.69 | .47 | 2.64 | 1.61 | 0.53 | .51 | 142.57 (2) |
distressed > adhd = community |
11 | 2.42 | 1.64 | 0.48 | .47 | 2.08 | 1.60 | 0.42 | .28 | 2.20 | 1.53 | 0.44 | .31 | 32.10 (2) |
community > distressed = adhd |
12 | 2.57 | 1.53 | 0.51 | .60 | 3.53 | 1.39 | 0.71 | .44 | 2.83 | 1.46 | 0.57 | .51 | 227.03 (2) |
distressed > adhd > community |
13 | 1.85 | 1.31 | 0.37 | .61 | 3.13 | 1.74 | 0.63 | .39 | 2.62 | 1.52 | 0.52 | .45 | 405.68 (2) |
distressed > adhd > community |
14 | 1.50 | 1.11 | 0.30 | .60 | 1.70 | 1.23 | 0.34 | .44 | 1.31 | 0.63 | 0.26 | .45 | 52.18 (2) |
distressed > community > adhd |
15 | 2.50 | 1.74 | 0.50 | .39 | 3.02 | 1.73 | 0.60 | .39 | 2.35 | 1.75 | 0.47 | .37 | 90.14 (2) |
distressed > community = adhd |
16 | 2.14 | 1.41 | 0.43 | .67 | 2.73 | 1.69 | 0.55 | .58 | 1.95 | 1.13 | 0.39 | .54 | 129.09 (2) |
distressed > community > adhd |
17 (r) | 1.68 | 0.72 | 0.34 | .56 | 2.98 | 1.30 | 0.60 | .57 | 2.19 | 1.21 | 0.44 | .60 | 516.61 (2) |
distressed > adhd > community |
18 (r) | 1.38 | 0.50 | 0.28 | .55 | 1.91 | 1.09 | 0.38 | .46 | 1.61 | 0.77 | 0.32 | .49 | 147.35 (2) |
distressed > adhd > community |
Min | 1.30 | 0.50 | 0.26 | 0.22 | 1.18 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.07 | 1.14 | 0.17 | 0.23 | 0.15 | ||
Max | 3.56 | 1.74 | 0.73 | 0.67 | 4.74 | 1.74 | 0.95 | 0.64 | 4.28 | 1.75 | 0.86 | 0.65 | ||
Median | 1.92 | 1.21 | 0.38 | 0.54 | 2.75 | 1.28 | 0.55 | 0.41 | 2.19 | 1.10 | 0.44 | 0.45 |
Community sample (n = 1018) | ||||||||
PSS | PSS Factor 1 | PSS Factor 2 | HADS-Anx | HADS-Dep | PSS-4 | |||
PSS | 37.57 | 10.61 | 1.00 | .69 |
.86 |
.55 |
.56 |
.50 |
PSS Factor 1 | 12.23 | 5.10 | 1.00 | .23 |
.32 |
.43 |
.29 |
|
PSS Factor 2 | 23.83 | 7.44 | 1.00 | .52 |
.45 |
.47 |
||
HADS-Anx | 7.08 | 4.38 | 1.00 | .71 |
.71 |
|||
HADS-Dep | 4.84 | 3.63 | 1.00 | .67 |
||||
PSS-4 | 5.59 | 2.94 | 1.00 | |||||
Distressed parent sample (n = 653) | ||||||||
PSS | PSS Factor 1 | PSS Factor 2 | HADS-Anx | HADS-Dep | ||||
PSS | 48.81 | 9.73 | 1.00 | .82 |
.84 |
.22 |
.30 |
|
PSS Factor 1 | 16.23 | 5.23 | 1.00 | .39 |
.09 |
.24 |
||
PSS Factor 2 | 30.88 | 5.79 | 1.00 | .30 |
.26 |
|||
HADS-Anx | 12.29 | 3.87 | . | 1.00 | 49 |
|||
HADS-Dep | 8.75 | 3.61 | 1.00 |
PSS sum scores | ||||||||||||
Community sample ( |
Distressed parent sample ( |
ADHD sample ( |
||||||||||
min-max | min-max | min-max | ||||||||||
Total sample | 1018 | 37.57 | 10.61 | 18–73 | 653 | 48.81 | 9.73 | 27–78 | 562 | 41.00 | 9.60 | 21–76 |
Mother ratings | 554 | 36.85 | 10.41 | 18–73 | 555 | 48.79 | 9.53 | 27–78 | 339 | 41.62 | 9.95 | 22–76 |
Father ratings | 464 | 38.43 | 10.79 | 18–72 | 97 | 49.01 | 10.86 | 29–73 | 206 | 39.80 | 8.94 | 21–66 |
Parent w/o NDC |
971 | 37.25 | 10.53 | 18–73 | 596 | 48.66 | 9.71 | 27–78 | 521 | 40.83 | 9.61 | 21–76 |
Parent w/NDC |
47 | 44.13 | 10.36 | 26–61 | 53 | 50.51 | 9.91 | 31–71 | 22 | 42.50 | 9.23 | 27–64 |
Child: daughter | 496 | 37.19 | 10.90 | 18–69 | 211 | 48.38 | 10.06 | 27–76 | 164 | 41.23 | 9.38 | 21–66 |
Child: son | 521 | 37.91 | 10.33 | 18–73 | 435 | 49.00 | 9.56 | 28–78 | 381 | 40.90 | 9.71 | 22–76 |
PSS internal consistency | ||||||||||||
Community sample ( |
Distressed parent sample ( |
ADHD sample ( |
||||||||||
Cronbach’s alpha | .87 | .82 | .83 | |||||||||
Average inter-item correlation (min, max) | .28 (−.21, .71) | .20 (−.13, .63) | .22 (−.16, .62) |