[
1. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, Zhao X, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727-33. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001017.10.1056/NEJMoa2001017
]Search in Google Scholar
[
2. Chen Y, Liu Q, Guo D. Emerging coronaviruses: genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. J Med Virol. 2020;92(4):418-23. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25681.10.1002/jmv.25681
]Search in Google Scholar
[
3. Shen K, Yang Y, Wang T, Zhao D, Jiang Y, Jin R, et al. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children: experts’ consensus statement. World J Pediatr. 2020;16(3)223-31. DOI: 10.1007/s12519-020-00343-7.10.1007/s12519-020-00343-7
]Search in Google Scholar
[
4. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):565-74. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8.10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8
]Search in Google Scholar
[
5. Xu X, Chen P, Wang J, Feng J, Zhou H, Li X, et al. Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission. Sci China Inf Sci. 2020;63(3):457-60. DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1637-5.10.1007/s11427-020-1637-5708904932009228
]Search in Google Scholar
[
6. To KF, Lo AWI. Exploring the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): the tissue distribution of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and its putative receptor, angiotensin-covertin enzyme 2 (ACE2). J Pathol. 2004;203(3):740-3. DOI: 10.1002/path.1597.10.1002/path.1597716790215221932
]Search in Google Scholar
[
7. Han Q, Lin Q, Jin S, You L. Coronavirus 2019-nCoV: a brief perspective from the front line. J Infect. 2020;80(4):373-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.010.10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.010710258132109444
]Search in Google Scholar
[
8. Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric RS, Li F. Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS coronavirus. J Virol. 2020;94(7):e00127-20. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00127-20.10.1128/JVI.00127-20708189531996437
]Search in Google Scholar
[
9. de Groot RJ, Baker SC, Baric RS, Brown CS, Drosten C, Enjuanes L, et al. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): Announcement of the Coronavirus Study Group. J Virol. 2013;87(14):7790-2. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01244-13.10.1128/JVI.01244-13370017923678167
]Search in Google Scholar
[
10. Belouzard S, Millet JK, Licitra BN, Whittaker GR. Mechanisms of coronavirus cell entry mediated by the viral spike protein. Viruses. 2012;4(6):1011-33. DOI: 10.3390/v4061011.10.3390/v4061011339735922816037
]Search in Google Scholar
[
11. Zhang X, Li P, Zheng Q, Hou J. Lactobaccilus acidophilus S-layer protein-mediated inhibition of PEDV-induced apoptosis of Vero cells. Vet Microbiol. 2019;229:159-67. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.01.003.10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.01.00326931384
]Search in Google Scholar
[
12. Bakkers MJG, Zeng Q, Feitsma LJ, Hulswit RJG, Li Z, Westerbeke A, et al. Coronavirus receptor switch explained from the stereochemistry of protein–carbohydrate interactions and a single mutation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016;113(22):E3111-9. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.151988113.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
13. Wang H, Yang P, Liu K, Guo F, Zhang Y, Zhang G, et al. SARS coronavirus entry into host cells through a novel clathrin - and caveolae - independent endocytic pathway. Cell Res. 2008;18(2):290-301. DOI: 10.1038/cr.2008.15.10.1038/cr.2008.15709189118227861
]Search in Google Scholar
[
14. Le Bert N, Tan AT, Kunasegaran K, Tham CYL, Hafezi M, Chia A, et al. SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell immunity in cases of CVID -19 and SARS, and uninfected controls. Nature. 2020;584(7821):457-62. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2550-z.10.1038/s41586-020-2550-z32668444
]Search in Google Scholar
[
15. Wei X, Li X, Cui J. Evolutionary perspectives on novel coronaviruses identified in pneumonia cases in China. Natl Sci Rev. 2020;7(2):239-42. DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa009.10.1093/nsr/nwaa009710798332288962
]Search in Google Scholar
[
16. Zhang G, Li B, Yoo D, Qin T, Zhang X, Jia Y, et al. Animal corona-viruses and SARS-CoV-2. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2021;68:1097-110. DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13791.10.1111/tbed.13791746106532799433
]Search in Google Scholar
[
17. Franklin AB, Bevins SN. Spillover of SARS-CoV-2 into novel wild hosts in North America: A conceptual model for perpetuation of the pathogen. Sci Total Environ. 2020;733:139358. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139358.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139358721429232416535
]Search in Google Scholar
[
18. Grasselli G, Pesenti A, Cecconi M. Critical care utilization for the COVID-19 outbreak in Lombardy, Italy: Early experience and forecast during an emergency response. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1545-6. DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.4031.10.1001/jama.2020.403132167538
]Search in Google Scholar
[
19. Guo T, Fan Y, Chen M, Wu X, Zhang L, He T, et al. Cardiovascular implications of fatal outcomes of patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(7):811-8. DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1017.10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1017710150632219356
]Search in Google Scholar
[
20. Li P, Yin Y, Yu Q, Yang Q. Lactobacillus acidophilus S-layer protein-mediated inhibition of Salmonella-inducing apoptosis in Caco-2 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011;409(1):142-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.04.131.10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.04.13121557929
]Search in Google Scholar
[
21. Li W, van Kuppeveld FJM, He Q, Rottier PJM, Bosch BJ. Cellular entry of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Virus Res. 2016;226:117-27. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.031.10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.031711453427317167
]Search in Google Scholar
[
22. Park JE, Jung S, Kim A, Park JE. MERS transmission and risk factors: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):574. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5484-8.10.1186/s12889-018-5484-8593077829716568
]Search in Google Scholar
[
23. Pedersen NC. Virologic and immunologic aspects of feline infectious peritonitis virus infection. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1987;218:529-50. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-1280-2_69.10.1007/978-1-4684-1280-2_692829567
]Search in Google Scholar
[
24. Regan AD, Whittaker GR. Utilization of DC-SIGN for entry of feline coronaviruses into host cells. J Virol. 2008;82(23):11992-6. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01094-08.10.1128/JVI.01094-08258369118799586
]Search in Google Scholar
[
25. Regan AD, Ousterout DG, Whittaker GR. Feline lectin activity is critical for the cellular entry of feline infectious peritonitis virus. J Virol. 2010;84(15):7917-21. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00964-10.10.1128/JVI.00964-10289760820484511
]Search in Google Scholar
[
26. Vennema H, Poland A, Foley J, Pedersen NC. Feline infectious peritonitis virus arise by mutation from endemic feline enteric corona-viruses. Virology. 1998;243(1):150-7. DOI: 10.1006/viro.1998-9045.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
27. Rottier PJM, Nakamura K, Schellen P, Volders H, Haijema BJ. Acquisition of macrophage tropism during the pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis is determined by mutation in the feline coronavirus spike protein. J Virol. 2005;79(22):14122-30. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.79.22.14122-14130.2005.10.1128/JVI.79.22.14122-14130.2005128022716254347
]Search in Google Scholar
[
28. Hungley ST, Gombold, JL, Lavi E, Weiss SR., MHV-A59 fusion mutants are attenuated and display altered hepatotropism. Virology. 1994;200(1):1-10. DOI: 10.1006/viro.1994.1156.10.1006/viro.1994.11568128613
]Search in Google Scholar
[
29. Ng OW, Chia A, Tan AT, Jadi RS, Leong HN, Bertoletti A, et al. Memory T-cells responses targeting the SARS coronavirus persist up to 11 years post-infection. Vaccine. 2016;34(17):2008-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.063.10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.063711561126954467
]Search in Google Scholar
[
30. Donoghue M, Hsieh F, Baronas E, Godbout K, Gosselin M, Stagliano N, et al. A novel angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1-9. Circ Res. 2000;87(5):E1-9. DOI: 10.1161/01.res.87.5.e1.10.1161/01.RES.87.5.e1
]Search in Google Scholar
[
31. Raj VS, Mou H, Smits SL, Dekkers DHW, Muller MA, Dijkman R, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus. Nature. 2013;495(7440):251-4. DOI: 10.1038/nature12005.10.1038/nature12005709532623486063
]Search in Google Scholar
[
32. Glass WG, Subbarao K, Murphy B, Murphy PM. Mechanisms of host defense following severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) pulmonary infection of mice. J Immunol. 2004:173(6):4030-9. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.4030.10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.403015356152
]Search in Google Scholar
[
33. Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis MLC, Lely AT, Navis GJ, van Goor H. Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J Pathol. 2004;203(2):631-7. DOI: 10.1002/path.1570.10.1002/path.1570716772015141377
]Search in Google Scholar
[
34. Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, Sui J, Wong SK, Berne MA, et al. Angiotensin-coverting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature. 2003;426:450-4.10.1038/nature02145709501614647384
]Search in Google Scholar
[
35. Mossel EC, Wang J, Jeffers S, Edeen KE, Wang S, Cosgrove GP, et al. SARS-CoV replicates in primary human alveolar type II cell cultures but not in type I-like cells. Virology. 2008;372(1):127-35. DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.09.045.10.1016/j.virol.2007.09.045231250118022664
]Search in Google Scholar
[
36. Bertram S, Glowacka I, Muller MA, Lavender H, Gnirss K, Nehlmeier I, et al. Cleavage and activation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein by human airway trypsin-like pro-tease. J Virol. 2011;85(24):13363-72. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.05300-11.10.1128/JVI.05300-11323318021994442
]Search in Google Scholar
[
37. Hofmann H, Pohlmann S. Cellular entry of the SARS coronavirus. Trends Microbiol. 2004;12(10):466-72. DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2004.08.008.10.1016/j.tim.2004.08.008711903115381196
]Search in Google Scholar
[
38. Grifoni A, Sidney J, Zhang Y, Scheuermann RH, Peters B, Sette A. Sequence homology and bioinformatic approach can predict candidate targets for immune responses to SARS-CoV-2. Cell Host Microbe. 2020;27(4):671-80.e2. DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.03.002.10.1016/j.chom.2020.03.002714269332183941
]Search in Google Scholar
[
39. Kirchdoerfer RN, Cottrell CA, Wang N, Pallesen J, Yassine HM, Turner HL, et al. Pre-fusion structure of a human coronavirus spike protein. Nature. 2016;531:118-21.10.1038/nature17200486001626935699
]Search in Google Scholar
[
40. Wang W, Xu Y, Gao R, Lu R, Han K, Wu G, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens. JAMA. 2020;323(18):1843-4. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.3786.10.1001/jama.2020.3786706652132159775
]Search in Google Scholar
[
41. Simmons G, Gosalia DN, Rennekamp AJ, Reeves JD, Diamond SL, Bates P. Inhibitors of cathepsin L prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(33):11876-81. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505577102.10.1073/pnas.0505577102118801516081529
]Search in Google Scholar
[
42. Samavati L, Uhal BD. ACE2, much more than just a receptor for SARS-COV-2. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:317. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00317.10.3389/fcimb.2020.00317729484832582574
]Search in Google Scholar
[
43. Roca-Ho H, Riera M, Palau V, Pascual J, Soler MJ. Characterization of ACE and ACE2 expression within different organs of the NOD mouse. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(3):563. DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030563.10.3390/ijms18030563537257928273875
]Search in Google Scholar
[
44. Marian AJ. The discovery of the ACE2 gene. Circ Res. 2013;112(10):1307-9. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301271.10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.30127123661710
]Search in Google Scholar
[
45. Sharma AR, Batra G, Kumar M, Mishra A, Singla R, Singh A, et al. BCG as a game-changer to prevent the infection and severity of Covid-19 pandemic? Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2020;48(5): 507-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2020.05.002.10.1016/j.aller.2020.05.002733293432653224
]Search in Google Scholar
[
46. Jeffers SA, Tussel SM, Gillim-Ros L, Hemmila EM, Achenbach JE, Babcock GJ, et al. CD209L (L-SIGN) is a receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(44):15748-53. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0403812101.10.1073/pnas.040381210152483615496474
]Search in Google Scholar
[
47. Jeffers SA, Hemmila EM, Holmes KV. Human coronavirus 229E can use CD209L (L-SIGN) to enter cells. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2006;581:265-9. DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-33012-9_44.10.1007/978-0-387-33012-9_44712361117037540
]Search in Google Scholar
[
48. Han DP, Lohani M, Cho MW. Specific asparagine-linked glycosylation sites are critical for DC-SIGN- and L-SIGN-mediated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry. J. Virol. 2007;81(21):12029-39. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00315-07.10.1128/JVI.00315-07216878717715238
]Search in Google Scholar
[
49. Malik YS, Sircar S, Bhat S, Sharun K, Dhama K, Dadar M, Tiwari R, et al. Emerging novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)-current scenario, evolutionary perspective based on genome analysis and recent developments. Vet Q. 2020;40(1):68-76. DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1727993.10.1080/01652176.2020.1727993705494032036774
]Search in Google Scholar
[
50. Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Balbin-Ramon GJ, Rabaan AA, Sah R, Paniz-Mondolfi A, et al. History is repeating itself: Probable zoonotic spillover as the cause of the 2019 novel Coronavirus Epidemic. Infez Med. 2020;28(1):3-5.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
51. Ji W, Wang W, Zhao X, Zai J, Li X. Cross-species transmission of the newly identified coronavirus 2019-nCoV. J Med Virol. 2020;92:433-40. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25682.10.1002/jmv.25682713808831967321
]Search in Google Scholar
[
52. Cui J, Li F, Shi Z-L. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2019;17(3):181-92. DOI: 10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9.10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9709700630531947
]Search in Google Scholar
[
53. DeDiego ML, Nieto-Torres JL, Jimenez-Guardeno JM, Regla-Nava JA, Alvarez E, Oliveros JC, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus envelope protein regulates cell stress response and apoptosis. PloS Pathog. 2011;7(10):e1002315. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002315.10.1371/journal.ppat.1002315319762122028656
]Search in Google Scholar
[
54. Favreau DJ, Meessen-Pinard M, Desforges M, Talbot PJ. Human coronavirus-induced neuronal programmed cell death is cyclophilin d dependent and potentially caspase dispensable. J Virol. 2012;86(1):81-93. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.06062-11.10.1128/JVI.06062-11325591222013052
]Search in Google Scholar
[
55. Walter J, Heng NCK, Hammes WP, Loach DM, Tannock GW, Hertel C. Identification of Lactobacillus reuteri genes specifically induced in the mouse gastrointestinal tract. Appl Environ Microbiol.2033;69(4):2044-51. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.69.4.2044-2051.2003.10.1128/AEM.69.4.2044-2051.200315480512676681
]Search in Google Scholar
[
56. Sun Z, Kong J, Hu S, Kong W, Lu W, Liu W. Characterization of a S-layer protein from Lactobacillus crispatus K313 and the domains responsible for binding to cell wall and adherence to collagen. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2013;97(5):1941-52. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4044-x.10.1007/s00253-012-4044-x22526799
]Search in Google Scholar
[
57. Penders J, Thijs C, Mommers M, Stobberingh EE, Dompeling E, Rejimerink NE, et al. Intestinal lactobacilli and the DC-SIGN gene for their recognition by dendritic cells play a role in the aetiology of allergic manifestations. Microbiology (Reading). 2010;156(Pt 11):3298-305. DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.042069-0.10.1099/mic.0.042069-020829290
]Search in Google Scholar
[
58. Khoo US, Chan KYK, Chan VSF, Lin CLS. DC-SIGN and L-SIGN: the SIGNs for infection. J Mol Med (Berl). 2008;86(8):861-74. DOI: 10.1007/s00109-008-0350-2.10.1007/s00109-008-0350-2707990618458800
]Search in Google Scholar
[
59. Alen MMF, Kaptein SJK, De Burghgraeve T, Balzarini J, Neyts J, Schols D. Antiviral activity of carbohydrate-binding agents and the role of DC-SIGN in dengue virus infection. Virology. 2009;387(1):67-75. DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.01.043.10.1016/j.virol.2009.01.04319264337
]Search in Google Scholar
[
60. Konstantinov SR, Smidt H, de Vos WM, Brujins SCM, Singh SK, Valence F, et al. S layer protein A of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM regulates immature dendritic cell and T cell functions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(49):19474-9. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0810305105.10.1073/pnas.0810305105259236219047644
]Search in Google Scholar
[
61. Zhang Y, Xiang X, Lu Q, Zhang L, Ma F, Wang L. Adhesions of extracellular surface-layer associated proteins in Lactobaccilus M5-L and Q8-L. J Dairy Sci. 2016;99(2):1011-8. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10020.10.3168/jds.2015-1002026709174
]Search in Google Scholar
[
62. Gilbert C, Atlan D, Blanc B, Portailer R, Germond JE, Lapierre L, et al. A new cell surface proteinase: sequencing and analysis of the prtB gene from Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. J Bacteriol. 1996;178(11):3059-65. DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.11.3059-3065.1996.10.1128/jb.178.11.3059-3065.19961780528655480
]Search in Google Scholar
[
63. Hynonen U, Palva A. Lactobacillus surface layer proteins: structure, function and applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2013;97(12):5225-43. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4962-2.10.1007/s00253-013-4962-2366612723677442
]Search in Google Scholar
[
64. Martinez MG, Acosta MP, Candurra NA, Ruzal SM. S-layer proteins of Lactobacillus acidophilus inhibits JUNV infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2012;422(4):590-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.05.031.10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.05.031712425022595457
]Search in Google Scholar
[
65. Lee YJ, Lee C. Porcine deltacoronavirus induces caspase-dependent apoptosis through activation of the cytochrome c-mediated intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Virus Res. 2018;253:112-3. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.06.008.10.1016/j.virusres.2018.06.008711486629940190
]Search in Google Scholar
[
66. Huang MM, Yu HD, Guo LJ, Chen JF, Feng L, Wang YE, et al. Induction of apoptosis in Vero-E6 cells infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Chin J Prev Vet Med. 2014;36(12):926-9.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
67. Kim Y, Lee C. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus induces caspase-independent apoptosis through activation of mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor. Virology. 2014;460-461:180-93. DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.04.040.10.1016/j.virol.2014.04.040712772025010284
]Search in Google Scholar
[
68. Faherty CS, Maurelli AT. Staying alive: bacterial inhibition of apoptosis during infection. Trends Microbiol. 2008;16(4):173-80. DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2008.02.001.10.1016/j.tim.2008.02.001274694818353648
]Search in Google Scholar
[
69. Li P, Ye X, Yang Q. Antagonistic activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 S-layer protein on Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium in Caco-2 cells. Ann Microbiol. 2012;62:905-9.10.1007/s13213-011-0327-1
]Search in Google Scholar
[
70. Acosta MP, Ruzal SM, Cordo SM. S-layer proteins from Lactobacillus sp. inhibit bacterial infection by blockage of DC-SIGN cell receptor. Int J Biol Macromol. 2016;92:998-1005. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.096.10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.09627498415
]Search in Google Scholar
[
71. Gupta PK. New disease old vaccine: Is recombinant BCG vaccine an answer for COVID-19? Cell Immunol. 2020;356:104187. DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104187.10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104187738678032745670
]Search in Google Scholar
[
72. Wardhana EA, Datau EA, Sultana A, Mandang VVV, Jum E. The efficacy of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination for the prevention of acute upper respiratory tract infection in elderly. Acta Med Indones. 2011;43(3):185-90.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
73. Leentjens J, Kox M, Stokman R, Gerretsen J, Diavatopoulos DA, van Crevel R, et al. BCG vaccination enhances the immunogenicity of subsequent influenza vaccination in healthy volunteers: A randomised, placebo-controlled pilot study. J Infect Dis. 2015;212(12):1930-8. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv.332.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
74. Miller A, Reandelar MJ, Fasciglione K, Roumenova V, Li Y, Otazu GH. Correlation between universal BCG vaccination policy and reduced morbidity and mortality for COVID-19: an epidemiological study. medRxiv [Internet]. Available from: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.20042937v2. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.24.20042937.10.1101/2020.03.24.20042937
]Search in Google Scholar
[
75. Joya M, Malavika B., Asirvatham ES, Sudarsanam TD, Jeyaseelan L. Is BCG associated with reduced incidence of COVID-19? A meta-regression of global data from 160 countries. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health. 2021;9:202-3. DOI: 10.1016/j,cegh.2020.08.015.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
76. Maheshwari N, Jain A. Is there a rationale for using Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine in coronavirus infection? Viral Immunol. 2020. DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0079. [Online ahead of print]10.1089/vim.2020.007932857679
]Search in Google Scholar
[
77. Goodridge HS, Ahmed SS, Curtis N, Kollmann TR, Levy O, Netea MG, et al. Harnessing the beneficial heterologous effects of vaccination. Nat Rev Immunol. 2016;16(6):392-400. DOI: 10.1038/nri.2016.43.10.1038/nri.2016.43493128327157064
]Search in Google Scholar
[
78. Mathurin KS, Martens GW, Kornfeld H, Welsh RM. CD4 T-cell-mediated heterologous immunity between mycobacteria and poxviruses. J Virol. 2009;83(8):3528-39. DOI : 10.1128/JVI.02393-08.10.1128/JVI.02393-08266327219193795
]Search in Google Scholar
[
79. Vetskova EK, Muhtarova MN, Avramov TI, Stefanova TR, Chalakov IJ, Nikolova MH. Immunomodulatory effects of BCG in patients with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Folia Med (Plovdiv). 2013;55(1):49-54. DOI: 10.2478/folmed-2013-0005.10.2478/folmed-2013-000523905487
]Search in Google Scholar
[
80. Ramesh S. 100-year-old TB vaccine now being tested for Covid-19, India may conduct a trial too. The Print [Internet]. [25 March 2020]. Available from: https://theprint.in/health/100-year-old-tbvaccine-now-being-tested-for-covid-19-india-may-conduct-a-trial-too/387839/.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
81. Covian C, Fernandez-Fierro A, Retamal-Diaz A, Diaz FE, Vasquez AE, Lay MK, et al. BCG-induced cross-protection band development of trained immunity: implication for vaccine design. Front Immunol. 2019;10:2806. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02806.10.3389/fimmu.2019.02806689690231849980
]Search in Google Scholar
[
82. Arts RJ, Moorlag SJCFM, Novakovic B, Li Y, Wang SY, Oosting M, et al. BCG vaccination protects against experimental viral infection in humans through the induction of cytokines associated with trained immunity. Cell Host Microbe. 2018;23(1):89-100.e5. DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.12.010.10.1016/j.chom.2017.12.01029324233
]Search in Google Scholar
[
83. Israr M, DeVoti JA, Lam F, Abramson AL, Steinberg BM, Bonagura VR. Altered monocyte and langerhans cell immunity in patients with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). Front Immunol. 2020.11:336. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00336.10.3389/fimmu.2020.00336707611432210959
]Search in Google Scholar