[
1. Behinaein S, Osei E, Darko J, et al. Evaluating small field dosimetry with the Acuros XB (AXB) and analytical anisotropic algorithm (AAA) dose calculation algorithms in the eclipse treatment planning system. J Radiother Pract. 2019:1-12. https://doi.org/10.1017/S146039691900010410.1017/S1460396919000104
]Search in Google Scholar
[
2. Mesbahi A, Zergoug I. Dose calculations for lung inhomogeneity in high-energy photon beams and small beamlets: a comparison between XiO and TiGRT treatment planning systems and MCNPX Monte Carlo code. Iran J Med Phys. 2015;12(3):167-77. https://doi.org/10.22038/IJMP.2015.6218
]Search in Google Scholar
[
3. Alfonso R, Andreo P, Capote R, et al. A new formalism for reference dosimetry of small and nonstandard fields. Med Phys. 2008;35(11):5179-86. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.300548110.1118/1.300548119070252
]Search in Google Scholar
[
4. Park JC, Li JG, Arhjoul L, et al. Adaptive beamlet-based finite-size pencil beam dose calculation for independent verification of IMRT and VMAT. Med Phys. 2015;42(4):1836-1850. doi:10.1118/1.491485810.1118/1.491485825832074
]Search in Google Scholar
[
5. Khan FM, Gibbons JP. Khan's the physics of radiation therapy: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
6. Ojala JJ, Kapanen MK, Hyödynmaa SJ, et al. Performance of dose calculation algorithms from three generations in lung SBRT: comparison with full Monte Carlo-based dose distributions. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2014;15(2):4-18. https://doi.org/10.1120/jacmp.v15i2.466210.1120/jacmp.v15i2.4662587546324710454
]Search in Google Scholar
[
7. Lechner W, Wesolowska P, Azangwe G, et al. A multinational audit of small field output factors calculated by treatment planning systems used in radiotherapy. PhiRO. 2018;5:58-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phro.2018.02.00510.1016/j.phro.2018.02.005780758633458370
]Search in Google Scholar
[
8. Azangwe G, Grochowska P, Georg D, et al. Detector to detector corrections: a comprehensive experimental study of detector specific correction factors for beam output measurements for small radiotherapy beams. Med Phys. 2014;41(7):072103. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.488379510.1118/1.488379524989398
]Search in Google Scholar
[
9. Das IJ, Ding GX, Ahnesjö A. Small fields: nonequilibrium radiation dosimetry. Med Phys. 2008;35(1):206-15. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.281535610.1118/1.281535618293576
]Search in Google Scholar
[
10. Westermark M, Arndt J, Nilsson B, et al. Comparative dosimetry in narrow high-energy photon beams. Phys Med Biol. 2000;45(3):685. https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/45/3/30810.1088/0031-9155/45/3/30810730964
]Search in Google Scholar
[
11. Scott AJ, Nahum AE, Fenwick JD. Using a Monte Carlo model to predict dosimetric properties of small radiotherapy photon fields. Med Phys. 2008;35(10):4671-84. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.297522310.1118/1.297522318975713
]Search in Google Scholar
[
12. Gholami S, Longo F, Nedaie HA, et al. Application of Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation in dose calculations for small radiosurgical fields. Med Dosim. 2018;43(3):214-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meddos.2017.08.00710.1016/j.meddos.2017.08.00728988675
]Search in Google Scholar
[
13. Partanen M, Ojala J, Niemelä J, et al. Comparison of two Monte Carlo-based codes for small-field dose calculations in external beam radiotherapy. Acta Oncol. 2017;56(6):891-3. https://doi.org/10.1080/0284186X.2017.129204810.1080/0284186X.2017.129204828464738
]Search in Google Scholar
[
14. Cranmer-Sargison G. Small field dosimetry: experimental methods and monte carlo simulation in small field radiation therapy dosimetry [Ph.D. thesis]. University of Leeds (United Kingdom); 2014.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
15. Sterpin E, Tomsej M, De Smedt B, et al. Monte Carlo evaluation of the AAA treatment planning algorithm in a heterogeneous multilayer phantom and IMRT clinical treatments for an Elekta SL25 linear accelerator. Med Phys. 2007;34(5):1665-77. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.272731410.1118/1.272731417555248
]Search in Google Scholar
[
16. Mostaar A, Allahverdi M, Shahriari M. Application of MCNP4C Monte Carlo code in radiation dosimetry in heterogeneous phantom. Int J Radiat Res. 2003;1(3):143-149.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
17. Mesbahi A, Fix M, Allahverdi M, et al. Monte Carlo calculation of Varian 2300C/D Linac photon beam characteristics: a comparison between MCNP4C, GEANT3 and measurements. Appl Radiat Isotopes. 2005;62(3):469-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2004.07.00810.1016/j.apradiso.2004.07.00815607926
]Search in Google Scholar
[
18. Gagné IM, Zavgorodni S. Evaluation of the analytical anisotropic algorithm in an extreme water–lung interface phantom using Monte Carlo dose calculations. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2007;8(1):33-46. https://doi.org/10.1120/jacmp.v8i1.232410.1120/jacmp.v8i1.2324572240017592451
]Search in Google Scholar
[
19. Elcim Y, Dirican B, Yavas O. Dosimetric comparison of pencil beam and Monte Carlo algorithms in conformal lung radiotherapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2018;19(5):616-24. https://doi.org/10.1002/acm2.1242610.1002/acm2.12426612310630079474
]Search in Google Scholar
[
20. Hoskin P. External Beam Therapy: Oxford University Press; 2019.10.1093/med/9780198786757.001.0001
]Search in Google Scholar
[
21. Verhaegen F, Seuntjens J. Monte Carlo modelling of external radiotherapy photon beams. Phys Med Biol. 2003;48(21):R107. https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/48/21/R0110.1088/0031-9155/48/21/R01
]Search in Google Scholar
[
22. Mesbahi A, Reilly AJ, Thwaites DI. Development and commissioning of a Monte Carlo photon beam model for Varian Clinac 2100EX linear accelerator. Appl Radiat Isotopes. 2006;64(6):656-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2005.12.01210.1016/j.apradiso.2005.12.01216455264
]Search in Google Scholar
[
23. Jan S, Benoit D, Becheva E, et al. GATE V6: a major enhancement of the GATE simulation platform enabling modelling of CT and radiotherapy. Phys Med Biol. 2011;56(4):881. https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/56/4/00110.1088/0031-9155/56/4/00121248393
]Search in Google Scholar
[
24. Sarrut D, Bardiès M, Boussion N, et al. A review of the use and potential of the GATE Monte Carlo simulation code for radiation therapy and dosimetry applications. Med Phys. 2014;41(6Part1). https://doi.org/10.1118/1.487161710.1118/1.487161724877844
]Search in Google Scholar
[
25. Palta JR, Liu C, Li JG. Quality assurance of intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol. Biol. Phys.. 2008;71(1):S108-S12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.05.09210.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.05.09218406906
]Search in Google Scholar
[
26. Benedict SH, Yenice KM, Followill D, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy: the report of AAPM Task Group 101. Med Phys. 2010;37(8):4078-101. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.343808110.1118/1.343808120879569
]Search in Google Scholar
[
27. Fogliata A, Lobefalo F, Reggiori G, et al. Evaluation of the dose calculation accuracy for small fields defined by jaw or MLC for AAA and Acuros XB algorithms. Med Phys. 2016;43(10):5685-94. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.496321910.1118/1.496321927782735
]Search in Google Scholar
[
28. Fogliata A, Cozzi L. Dose calculation algorithm accuracy for small fields in non-homogeneous media: the lung SBRT case. Phys Medica. 2017;44:157-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2016.11.10410.1016/j.ejmp.2016.11.10427890568
]Search in Google Scholar
[
29. Cranmer-Sargison G, Beckham W, Popescu I. Modelling an extreme water–lung interface using a single pencil beam algorithm and the Monte Carlo method. Phys Med Biol. 2004;49(8):1557. https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/49/8/01310.1088/0031-9155/49/8/01315152692
]Search in Google Scholar
[
30. Krieger T, Sauer OA. Monte Carlo-versus pencil-beam-/collapsed-cone-dose calculation in a heterogeneous multi-layer phantom. Phys Med Biol. 2005;50(5):859. https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/50/5/01010.1088/0031-9155/50/5/01015798260
]Search in Google Scholar
[
31. Fogliata A, Nicolini G, Clivio A, et al. Accuracy of Acuros XB and AAA dose calculation for small fields with reference to RapidArc® stereotactic treatments. Med Phys. 2011;38(11):6228-37. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.365473910.1118/1.365473922047388
]Search in Google Scholar
[
32. Huang B, Wu L, Lin P, et al. Dose calculation of Acuros XB and Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm in lung stereotactic body radiotherapy treatment with flattening filter free beams and the potential role of calculation grid size. Radiat Oncol. 2015;10(1):53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13014-015-0357-010.1186/s13014-015-0357-0435366425886628
]Search in Google Scholar
[
33. Fogliata A, Nicolini G, Clivio A, et al. Dosimetric evaluation of Acuros XB Advanced Dose Calculation algorithm in heterogeneous media. Radiat Oncol. 2011;6(1):82. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-717X-6-8210.1186/1748-717X-6-82316841121771317
]Search in Google Scholar
[
34. Pelowitz DB. MCNPX user’s manual version 2.5. 0. Los Alamos National Laboratory. 2005;76:473.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
35. Mesbahi A. Dosimetric characteristics of unflattened 6 MV photon beams of a clinical linear accelerator: a Monte Carlo study. Appl Radiat Isotopes. 2007;65(9):1029-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2007.04.02310.1016/j.apradiso.2007.04.02317616465
]Search in Google Scholar
[
36. Venselaar J, Welleweerd H, Mijnheer B. Tolerances for the accuracy of photon beam dose calculations of treatment planning systems. Radiother Oncol. 2001;60(2):191-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8140(01)00377-210.1016/S0167-8140(01)00377-2
]Search in Google Scholar
[
37. Calvo OI, Gutiérrez AN, Stathakis S, et al. On the quantification of the dosimetric accuracy of collapsed cone convolution superposition (CCCS) algorithm for small lung volumes using IMRT. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2012;13(3):43-59. https://doi.org/10.1120/jacmp.v13i3.375110.1120/jacmp.v13i3.3751571656022584174
]Search in Google Scholar
[
38. Carrasco P, Jornet N, Duch MA, et al. Comparison of dose calculation algorithms in phantoms with lung equivalent heterogeneities under conditions of lateral electronic disequilibrium: dose calculation algorithms in lung heterogeneities. Med Phys. 2004;31(10):2899-911. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.178893210.1118/1.178893215543799
]Search in Google Scholar
[
39. Fotina I, Kragl G, Kroupa B, et al. Clinical comparison of dose calculation using the enhanced collapsed cone algorithm vs. a new Monte Carlo algorithm. Strahlenther Onkol. 2011;187(7):433-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00066-011-2215-910.1007/s00066-011-2215-921713394
]Search in Google Scholar
[
40. Chopra KL, Leo P, Kabat C, et al. Evaluation of dose calculation accuracy of treatment planning systems in the presence of tissue heterogeneities. Ther Radiol Oncol. 2018;2:420-7. https://doi.org/10.21037/tro.2018.07.0110.21037/tro.2018.07.01
]Search in Google Scholar
[
41. Stathakis S, Esquivel C, Quino LV, et al. Accuracy of the small field dosimetry using the Acuros XB dose calculation algorithm within and beyond heterogeneous media for 6 MV photon beams. Int J Med Phys Clin Eng Radiat Oncol. 2012; 1: 78–87. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijmpcero.2012.1301110.4236/ijmpcero.2012.13011
]Search in Google Scholar
[
42. Najafzadeh M, Nickfarjam A, Jabbari K, et al. Dosimetric verification of lung phantom calculated by collapsed cone convolution: A Monte Carlo and experimental evaluation. J X-Ray Sci Technol. 2019;27(1):161-75. https://doi.org/10.3233/XST-18042510.3233/XST-18042530614811
]Search in Google Scholar
[
43. Caccia B, Andenna C, Iaccarino G, et al. Monte Carlo as a tool to evaluate the effect of different lung densities on radiotherapy dose distribution. Radiat Prot Dosim. 2014;162(1-2):115-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncu24110.1093/rpd/ncu24125452329
]Search in Google Scholar
[
44. Palmans H, Andreo P, Huq MS, et al. Dosimetry of small static fields used in external photon beam radiotherapy: Summary of TRS-483, the IAEA-AAPM international Code of Practice for reference and relative dose determination. Med Phys. 2018;45(11):e1123-e45. https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.1320810.1002/mp.1320830247757
]Search in Google Scholar