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Hidden in snow: Selected aspects of chemical composition of an urban snow cover (Kielce, SE Poland)

Mirosław Szwed
Mirosław Szwed
, 
Rafał Kozłowski
Rafał Kozłowski
, 
Zuzanna Śliwa
Zuzanna Śliwa
, 
Aleksandra Zeliaś
Aleksandra Zeliaś
, 
Joanna Przybylska
Joanna Przybylska
 et 
Marta Ludew
Marta Ludew
   | 30 juin 2023
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Publié en ligne: 30 juin 2023
Pages: 1 - 10
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2023-0004
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© 2023 Mirosław Szwed et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1.

Research area (geoportal.powiat.kielce.pl; changed)
Research area (geoportal.powiat.kielce.pl; changed)

Figure 2.

Meteorological conditions in Kielce in February 2023 (based on data from IMGW, station Kielce-Suków)
Meteorological conditions in Kielce in February 2023 (based on data from IMGW, station Kielce-Suków)

Figure 3.

Direction of air mass flows on 8–10 February 2023 (NOAA Hysplit)
Direction of air mass flows on 8–10 February 2023 (NOAA Hysplit)

Figure 4.

Number of days with snowfall and maximum snow cover thickness in 1996–2022 (data from IMGW, station Kielce-Suków)
Number of days with snowfall and maximum snow cover thickness in 1996–2022 (data from IMGW, station Kielce-Suków)

Figure 5.

Physico-chemical properties of snow samples in Kielce in 2023
Physico-chemical properties of snow samples in Kielce in 2023

Figure 6.

Chemical composition of snow cover (selected ions)
Chemical composition of snow cover (selected ions)

Figure 7.

Spatial distribution of physico-chemical properties of snow from Kielce
Spatial distribution of physico-chemical properties of snow from Kielce

Figure 8.

Spatial distribution of Cl and Ca concentrations in snow from Kielce
Spatial distribution of Cl and Ca concentrations in snow from Kielce

Figure 9.

Graphic image of relationships among PC1 and PC2 with a scree plot
Graphic image of relationships among PC1 and PC2 with a scree plot

Figure 10.

Pollution with PM10 and PM2.5 in Kielce – mean daily concentration (a) and hourly data (b). (Based on data from GIOŚ)
Pollution with PM10 and PM2.5 in Kielce – mean daily concentration (a) and hourly data (b). (Based on data from GIOŚ)

Physico-chemical properties of water from melted snow

No. Cl SO4 NO3 Na NH4 Mg K Ca pH EC Snow cover
mg·dm−3 - μS·cm−1 cm
1 1.37 0.63 0.95 0.86 0.37 0.05 0.12 0.39 6.85 12.35 5
2 11.22 1.69 0.08 6.70 0.57 0.06 0.05 2.22 6.15 56.6 6
3 0.92 0.67 1.12 0.55 0.47 0.05 0.09 1.57 5.98 19.47 7
4 0.81 0.78 1.30 0.17 0.16 0.03 0.02 0.12 5.81 8.97 8
5 1.93 0.67 0.86 1.13 0.29 0.08 0.00 1.29 4.91 16.46 5
6 1.30 0.56 0.95 0.80 0.41 0.05 0.06 0.61 4.84 10.2 4
7 1.84 0.77 0.74 1.16 0.40 0.08 0.10 0.64 4.67 13.28 7
8 1.16 0.85 0.86 0.68 0.32 0.06 0.12 4.58 4.39 31.2 3
9 0.65 0.59 0.64 0.48 0.27 0.04 0.05 1.10 4.34 11 5
10 1.69 0.90 0.74 0.98 0.28 0.04 0.09 4.54 4.81 32.7 5
11 1.50 1.26 0.67 0.70 0.21 0.02 0.18 2.52 4.81 21.54 4
12 11.38 1.20 1.05 6.70 0.44 0.05 0.03 4.56 5.27 63.6 4
13 8.40 1.10 0.81 4.97 0.44 0.07 0.09 2.49 5.18 44.2 4
14 2.16 1.03 0.70 1.17 0.38 0.10 0.04 0.75 4.97 15.35 5
15 1.18 0.77 0.73 0.74 0.33 0.03 0.09 0.76 5.02 11.57 5
16 3.83 1.05 1.03 1.73 0.48 0.05 0.08 0.90 5.02 19.92 5
17 1.37 0.97 0.90 0.73 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.84 4.89 17.78 4
18 4.69 2.21 1.71 2.74 0.90 0.09 0.23 2.60 4.99 34.9 4
19 3.64 1.23 1.57 2.26 0.48 0.09 0.41 1.47 5.03 22.5 7
20 11.42 2.89 1.77 6.99 0.71 0.11 0.28 3.08 5.14 60.4 6
21 2.19 1.00 1.50 1.36 0.63 0.08 0.01 0.70 5.19 15.24 7
22 12.49 1.85 1.29 7.66 0.59 0.11 0.01 1.41 5.17 53.2 7
23 4.74 2.18 1.66 2.61 1.13 0.13 0.15 1.77 5.05 33.2 3
24 5.55 1.55 1.66 3.16 0.68 0.06 0.06 1.38 5.12 31.1 5
MIN 0.65 0.56 0.08 0.17 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.12 4.34 8.97 3
MAX 12.49 2.89 1.77 7.66 1.13 0.13 0.41 4.58 6.85 63.60 8
MEAN 4.06 1.18 1.05 2.38 0.46 0.07 0.10 1.76 5.15 27.36 5,2
STD 3.91 0.60 0.42 2.37 0.24 0.03 0.10 1.32 0.55 16.95 1,38
Reference sample 1.32 1.04 1.63 0.82 0.54 0.07 5.63 1.07 5.07 14.62 7

Selected physico-chemical properties of snow in different regions

Parameter Unit Cement and lime industry Metallurgical industry Remote pollution Urban area
White Basin, Poland (Kozłowski et al. 2012, Kozłowski, Szwed 2016) Kunda, Estonia (Kaasik et al. 2000) Łagów, Poland (Szwed, Kozłowski 2021) Ostrowiec Św., Poland (Jarzyna et al. 2017) Świętokrzyski National Park, Poland (Kozłowski, Szwed 2016) Kielce. Poland 2016/2023 (Kozłowski et al. 2017) Poznań, Poland (Siudek et al. 2015) Primorsky Krai, Russia (Kondrat’ev et al. 2015) Svirsk, Russia (Grebenshchikova et al. 2017)
pH (−) 6.39 8.05 7.38 5.23 5.59/5.15 4.8 5.05 6.63
EC (mS m−1) 3.28 5.91 4.15 2.61 2.78/2.74 2.07 4.2
Ca2+ (mg L−1) 4.4 18.8 10 4 2.5/1.8 2.5 8.7
Mg2+ 0.2 0.4 0.2/0.1 0.4 1.4
SO42− (mg L−1) 3.2 18.8 1.7 3.6 1.8/1.2 4.9 14.9
NO3− 2.3 2 2.6 3.1/1.1 3.4 1.2

Comparison of measured and certified concentrations in KEJIM-15

Ion KEJIM-15 DIONEX ICS 3000 Dev.**
Concentration ±Uncertainty Average ±SD*
[mg/l] [%]
Ca 0,488 0,046 0,47 0,02 −4,30
Mg 0,294 0,024 0,31 0,01 4,20
K 0,252 0,026 0,25 0,02 −2,78
Na 2,66 0,23 2,63 0,10 −1,13
Cl 3,79 0,18 3,64 0,10 −3,96
SO4 1,13 0,08 1,11 0,09 −1,77

Principal component analysis (PCA) analysis of studied physico-chemical parameters

Variable PC 1 PC 2 PC 3
Cl −0.9* 0.4 −0.2
SO4 −0.9* −0.2 0.0
NO3 −0.5 −0.7* 0.0
Na −0.9* 0.4 −0.2
NH4 −0.7 −0.4 −0.1
Mg −0.6 −0.5 −0.1
K −0.4 −0.5 0.4
Ca −0.5 0.5 0.7
pH −0.1 0.1 −0.8*
EC −0.9* 0.5 0.1
% of variance 46.7% 18.8% 13.0%
% in total 46.7% 65.5% 78.5%
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