Hidden in snow: Selected aspects of chemical composition of an urban snow cover (Kielce, SE Poland)

Snow cover is a valuable source of information about air quality. It enables detection of dust and other air pollutants which have been accumulated throughout the period since the snow cover was formed. Research conducted in Kielce confirms multidirectional human pressure from local and regional emission sources. Combustion of fuels resulted in lower pH and increased EC, SO₄ and NO₃ concentrations in the southern and northern parts of the city. Elevated concentrations of Cl and Na indicate the effect of transportation and winter road maintenance. Apart from local emitters, air quality in Kielce is affected by the regional sources, including the nearby center of the lime and cement industries. Climate change is reflected in the number of days with snow and thickness of snow cover, declining since the 1990s.