The Relationship between the Reorganization of Higher Education Institutions' Operations in Poland During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Student Loyalty

Correlation between the level of student loyalty and components related to the functioning, organization, and delivery of online classes at the university during the COVID-19 pandemic_

Component						Level of loyalty (NPS)
						Overall		F		M
FC1. Administrative and organizational efficiency of the university						.514***		.523***		.497***
FC2. Offer of professional and academic development						.433***		.451***		.411***
OC1. Technical and didactic support in remote education						.522***		.538***		.507***
OC2. Atmosphere and practical value of online education						.472***		.469***		.460***
Component	Overall
	F	M	E	BA	MA	1	2	3	4	5
FC1. Administrative and organizational efficiency of the university	.553***	.505***	.505***	.509***	.522***	.520***	.478***	.502***	.503***	.549***
FC2. Offer of professional and academic development	.485***	.355***	.355***	.444***	.443***	.449***	.426***	.400***	.383***	.459***
OC1. Technical and didactic support in remote education	.564***	.479***	.479***	.506***	.561***	.517***	.464***	.497***	.506***	.622***
OC2. Atmosphere and practical value of online education	.509***	.431***	.431***	.461***	.503***	.454***	.399***	.475***	.464***	.611***
Component	Female
	F	M	E	BA	MA	1	2	3	4	5
FC1. Administrative and organizational efficiency of the university	.495***	.588***	.469***	.503***	.565***	.528***	.466***	.492***	.518***	.601***
FC2. Offer of professional and academic development	.429***	.500***	.311***	.463***	.472***	.468***	.458***	.376***	.407***	.473***
OC1. Technical and didactic support in remote education	.512***	.610***	.472***	.507***	.599***	.520***	.450***	.496***	.530***	.694***
OC2. Atmosphere and practical value of online education	.443***	.531***	.386***	.445***	.526***	.426***	.371***	.497***	.447***	.648***
Component	Male
	F	M	E	BA	MA	1	2	3	4	5
FC1. Administrative and organizational efficiency of the university	.499***	.474***	.542***	.519***	.412***	.496***	.515***	.517***	.468***	.394***
FC2. Offer of professional and academic development	.371***	.445***	.404***	.401***	.369***	.393***	.377***	.454***	.335***	.414***
OC1. Technical and didactic support in remote education	.496***	.458***	.474***	.503***	.457***	.498***	.498***	.505***	.445***	.413***
OC2. Atmosphere and practical value of online education	.493***	.451***	.481***	.495***	.440***	.501***	.460***	.429***	.479***	.517***

Comparison of components related to the organization and delivery of online classes at universities during the COVID-19 pandemic between selected groups of respondents_

Component	Overall Mean	Gender F | M	test-t
OC1. Technical and didactic support in remote education	3.84	3.882 > 3.741	4.343***
OC2. Atmosphere and practical value of online education	3.68	3.762 > 3.511	5.888***
Component	Overall Mean	Study Mode FT | PT	test-t
OC1. Technical and didactic support in remote education	3.84	3.771 < 4.012	-7.158***
OC2. Atmosphere and practical value of online education	3.68	3.571 < 3.952	-8.525***
Component	Overall Mean	Type of Degree Program E | BA | MA	ANOVA
OC1. Technical and didactic support in remote education	3.84	3.681 < 3.822 < 3.923	10.953***
OC2. Atmosphere and practical value of online education	3.68	3.481 < 3.662 ≈ 3.772	9.440***
Component	Overall Mean	Year of Study 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5	ANOVA
OC1. Technical and didactic support in remote education	3.84	3.962 > 3.721 ≈ 3.681 < 3.992 > 3.701	20.937***
OC2. Atmosphere and practical value of online education	3.68	3.843 > 3.582 > 3.431 < 3.903 > 3.421	23.129***
Component	Overall Mean	NPS D | PS | P	ANOVA
OC1. Technical and didactic support in remote education	3.84	3.301 < 3.862 < 4.333	501.817***
OC2. Atmosphere and practical value of online education	3.68	3.021 < 3.722 < 4.263	415.620***

Assessment of the likelihood of university students recommending their institution to friends or acquaintances_

Occurrence of recommendation	Total N (%)	Gender N(%)		Study Mode N(%)		Type of Degree Program N(%)			Year of Study N(%)
		F	M	FT	PT	E	BA	MA	1	2	3	4	5
none	95(3.4)	57(3.0)	38(4.0)	54(2.6)	41(5.3)	8(2.5)	48(2.9)	39(4.5)	15(1.6)	19(2.7)	33(6.8)	14(3.1)	14(5.6)
2	72(2.5)	50(2.6)	22(2.3)	44(2.1)	28(3.6)	6(1.9)	41(2.5)	25(2.9)	16(1.7)	16(2.3)	16(3.3)	13(2.9)	11(4.4)
3	109(3.8)	71(3.8)	38(4.0)	80(3.9)	29(3.7)	13(4.1)	52(3.2)	44(5.1)	25(2.6)	34(4.8)	15(3.1)	16(3.5)	19(7.6)
4	133(4.7)	86(4.5)	47(5.0)	106(5.2)	27(3.5)	13(4.1)	82(5.0)	38(4.4)	38(4.0)	37(5.3)	28(5.8)	20(4.4)	10(4.0)
5	208(7.3)	138(7.3)	70(7.4)	159(7.7)	49(6.3)	31(9.7)	118(7.2)	59(6.8)	59(6.2)	48(6.8)	47(9.8)	32(7.1)	22(8.8)
6	292(10.3)	180(9.5)	112(11.9)	218(10.6)	74(9.5)	33(10.3)	180(10.9)	79(9.1)	87(9.2)	88(12.5)	54(11.2)	40(8.8)	23(9.2)
7	438(15.5)	291(15.4)	147(15.6)	333(16.2)	105(13.5)	54(16.9)	290(17.6)	94(10.8)	147(15.5)	118(16.8)	88(18.3)	63(13.9)	22(8.8)
8	551(19.5)	363(19.2)	188(20.0)	412(20.1)	139(17.8)	65(20.4)	320(19.5)	166(19.1)	189(20.0)	134(19.1)	94(19.5)	92(20.3)	42(16.9)
9	424(15.0)	299(15.8)	125(13.3)	324(15.8)	100(12.8)	51(16.0)	250(15.2)	123(14.2)	170(18.0)	108(15.4)	51(10.6)	58(12.8)	37(14.9)
one hundred percent	510(18.0)	357(18.9)	153(16.3)	323(15.7)	187(24.0)	45(14.1)	264(16.0)	201(23.2)	200(21.1)	100(14.2)	56(11.6)	105(23.2)	49(19.7)
Total	2832(100.0)	1892(100.0)	940(100.0)	2053(100.0)	779(100.0)	319(100.0)	1645(100.0)	868(100.0)	946(100.0)	702(100.0)	482(100.0)	453(100.0)	249(100.0)
Level of loyalty	Total N(%)	Gender N(%)		Study Mode N(%)		Type of Degree Program N(%)			Year of Study N(%)
		F	M	FT	PT	E	BA	MA	1	2	3	4	5
Detractors	909(32.1)	582(30.8)	327(34.8)	661(32.2)	248(31.8)	104(32.6)	521(31.7)	284(32.7)	240(25.4)	242(34.5)	193(40.0)	135(29.8)	99(39.8)
Passively satisfied	989(34.9)	654(34.6)	335(35.6)	745(36.3)	244(31.3)	119(37.3)	610(37.1)	260(30.0)	336(35.5)	252(35.9)	182(37.8)	155(34.2)	64(25.7)
Promoters	934(33.0)	656(34.7)	278(29.6)	647(31.5)	287(36.8)	96(30.1)	514(31.2)	324(37.3)	370(39.1)	208(29.6)	107(22.2)	163(36.0)	86(34.5)
Total	2832(100.0)	1892(100.0)	940(100.0)	2053(100.0)	779(100.0)	319(100.0)	1645(100.0)	868(100.0)	946(100.0)	702(100.0)	482(100.0)	453(100.0)	249(100.0)
NPS	25(0.9)	74(3.9)	-49(-5.2)	-14(-0.7)	39(5.0)	-8(-2.5)	-7(-0.4)	40(4.6)	130(13.7)	-34(-4.8)	-86(-17.8)	28(6.2)	-13(-5.2)

Aspects of the functioning, organization and delivery of online classes at universities during the COVID-19 pandemic_

Aspects of the functioning of universities during the COVID-19 pandemic	Overall Mean	Aspects of the organization and delivery of online classes at universities during the COVID-19 pandemic	Overall Mean
F1. General impression/perception of the university	3.87	O1. Quality of online classes	3.86
F2. Career prospects post-graduation	3.67	O2. Satisfaction with online classes	3.71
F3. Reorganization of classes to online formats	3.92	O3. Atmosphere during online classes	3.89
F4. Access to library/reading rooms	3.42	O4. Practical usefulness of knowledge gained online	3.54
F5. Efficiency of student services by university administration (dean’s offices, student services offices, etc.)	3.65	O5. Assimilation of knowledge during online classes	3.31
F6. Attitude of administrative staff towards students	3.67	O6. Functionality of the online class platform	4.00
F7. Digitalization of student services (e-campus, online services, student accounts, etc.)	3.81	O7. Technical support from the university	3.50
F8. Transparency of the study process (e.g., conditions for choosing specializations)	3.70	O8. Training/materials for handling the online class platform	3.68
F9. Organization of the recruitment process (for undergraduate and graduate programs)	3.90	O9. Instructors' ability to manage the online class platform	3.85
F10. Availability of infrastructure for students to conduct their own research (e.g., for thesis work)	3.40	O10. Efficiency/organization of conducting online classes by instructors	3.94
F11. Offers of internships/professional placements/student placements	3.17	O11. Method of knowledge transmission during online classes	3.76
F12. Job offers/assistance from the university in finding employment	3.01	O12. Criteria for passing online classes	3.94
F13. Offers of study abroad (Erasmus+, exchange programs with other universities, etc.)	3.52	O13. Materials for online classes	4.12
F14. Offers from student academic societies (SAS)	3.54	O14. Instructors' attitude towards students	4.04
F15. Offers of training, courses, webinars	3.66	O15. Clarity of instructions from instructors during online classes	3.95
F16. System for regulating tuition payments (rules, amounts, etc.)	3.72	O16. Responsiveness of instructors	4.01
F17. Scholarship system	3.47	O17. Interactions with instructors	3.90
		O18. Opportunity to participate in online consultations	4.17
		O19. Offers of open lectures	3.48
		O20. Participation of business practitioners in online classes	3.23

EFA results for variables relating to the functioning of universities during the COVID-19 pandemic_

Component	Overall Mean	Factor loading	Primary Variables
FC1. Administrative and organizational efficiency of the university	3.77	.701	1. General impression/perception of the university
		.677	3. Reorganization of classes to online formats
		.775	5. Efficiency of student services by university administration (dean’s offices, student services offices, etc.)
		.755	6. Attitude of administrative staff towards students
		.777	7. Digitalization of student services (e-campus, online services, student accounts, etc.)
		.666	8. Transparency of the study process (e.g., conditions for choosing specializations)
FC2. Offer of professional and academic development	3.38	.783	11. Offers of internships/professional placements/student placements
		.797	12. Job offers/assistance from the university in finding employment
		.751	13. Offers of study abroad (Erasmus+, exchange programs with other universities, etc.)
		.789	14. Offers from student academic societies (SAS)
		.725	15. Offers of training, courses, webinars

Comparison of university functioning components during the COVID-19 pandemic between female and male groups_

Component	Female			Male
	Overall Mean	Study Mode FT | PT	test-t	Overall Mean	Study Mode FT | PT	test-t
FC1. Administrative and organizational efficiency of the university	3.83	3.791< 3.942	-3.565***	3.65	3.631 ≈ 3.701	-1.113
FC2. Offer of professional and academic development	3.43	3.381< 3.542	-3.591***	3.29	3.311 ≈ 3.241	.968
Component	Female			Male
	Overall Mean	Type of Degree Program E | BA | MA	ANOVA	Overall Mean	Type of Degree Program E | BA | MA	ANOVA
FC1. Administrative and organizational efficiency of the university	3.83	3.701< 3.812 ≈ 3.902	4.983**	3.65	3.581 ≈ 3.631 ≈ 3.741	1.881
FC2. Offer of professional and academic development	3.43	3.411 ≈ 3.441 ≈ 3.421	.152	3.29	3.371 ≈ 3.291 ≈ 3.241	.898
Component	Female			Male
	Overall Mean	Year of Study 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5	ANOVA	Overall Mean	Year of Study 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5	ANOVA
FC1. Administrative and organizational efficiency of the university	3.83	3.922> 3.751 ≈ 3.691< 4.012> 3.651	11.444***	3.65	3.772> 3.491 ≈ 3.541< 3.892> 3.461	7.951***
FC2. Offer of professional and academic development	3.43	3.542 ≈ 3.402> 3.271< 3.512> 3.251	7.967***	3.29	3.382 ≈ 3.202 ≈ 3.312 ≈ 3.342> 3.071	2.697*
Component	Female			Male
	Overall Mean	NPS D | PS | P	ANOVA	Overall Mean	NPS D | PS | P	ANOVA
FC1. Administrative and organizational efficiency of the university	3.83	3.281< 3.822< 4.323	333.317***	3.65	3.101< 3.772< 4.163	146.266***
FC2. Offer of professional and academic development	3.43	2.951< 3.372< 3.923	241.478***	3.29	2.871< 3.352< 3.723	85.028***

Comparison of university functioning components during the COVID-19 pandemic between selected respondent groups_

Component	Overall Mean	Gender F | M	test-t
FC1. Administrative and organizational efficiency of the university	3.77	3.832> 3.651	5.241***
FC2. Offer of professional and academic development	3.38	3.432> 3.291	3.975***
Component	Overall Mean	Study Mode FT | PT	test-t
FC1. Administrative and organizational efficiency of the university	3.77	3.731< 3.862	-3.571***
FC2. Offer of professional and academic development	3.38	3.361< 3.452	-2.441**
Component	Overall Mean	Type of Degree Program E | BA | MA	ANOVA
FC1. Administrative and organizational efficiency of the university	3.77	3.651< 3.752< 3.853	8.114***
FC2. Offer of professional and academic development	3.38	3.391 ≈ 3.391 ≈ 3.371	.183
Component	Overall Mean	Year of Study 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5	ANOVA
FC1. Administrative and organizational efficiency of the university	3.77	3.872> 3.661 ≈ 3.641< 3.972> 3.601	18.940***
FC2. Offer of professional and academic development	3.38	3.492> 3.331 ≈ 3.291< 3.452> 3.201	9.088***
Component	Overall Mean	NPS D | PS | P	ANOVA
FC1. Administrative and organizational efficiency of the university	3.77	3.211< 3.802< 4.273	480.341***
FC2. Offer of professional and academic development	3.38	2.921< 3.362< 3.863	326.185***

Comparison of components related to the organization and delivery of online classes at universities during the COVID-19 pandemic between groups of male and female respondents_

Component	Female			Male
	Overall Mean	Study Mode FT | PT	test-t	Overall Mean	Study Mode FT | PT	test-t
OC1. Technical and didactic support in remote education	3.88	3.801< 4.102	-7.568***	3.74	3.711< 3.821	-1.746*
OC2. Atmosphere and practical value of online education	3.76	3.651< 4.062	-7.993***	3.51	3.431< 3.721	-3.536***
Component	Female			Male
	Overall Mean	Type of Degree Program E | BA | MA	ANOVA	Overall Mean	Type of Degree Program E | BA | MA	ANOVA
OC1. Technical and didactic support in remote education	3.88	3.731< 3.862 ≈ 3.962	6.938***	3.74	3.61 ≈ 3.74 ≈ 3.81	2.650
OC2. Atmosphere and practical value of online education	3.76	3.521 ≈ 3.752 ≈ 3.852	7.288***	3.51	3.43 ≈ 3.49 ≈ 3.60	1.376
Component	Female			Male
	Overall Mean	Year of Study 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5	ANOVA	Overall Mean	Year of Study 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5	ANOVA
OC1. Technical and didactic support in remote education	3.88	4.012> 3.781 ≈ 3.701< 4.052> 3.741	14.851***	3.74	3.872> 3.611 ≈ 3.631< 3.892> 3.571	6.288***
OC2. Atmosphere and practical value of online education	3.76	3.922> 3.662 ≈ 3.501< 3.982> 3.511	17.178***	3.51	3.662> 3.431 ≈ 3.291< 3.732> 3.181	6.498***
Component	Female			Male
	Overall Mean	NPS D | PS | P	ANOVA	Overall Mean	NPS D | PS | P	ANOVA
OC1. Technical and didactic support in remote education	3.88	3.341< 3.872< 4.383	362.310***	3.74	3.241< 3.842< 4.223	140.352***
OC2. Atmosphere and practical value of online education	3.76	3.131< 3.772< 4.313	268.304***	3.51	2.841< 3.632< 4.153	143.110***

Distribution of the study population_

Characteristics of Respondents		N	%↕
Gender	F	1892	66.8
	M	940	33.2
	Total	2832	100.0
Study Mode	Full-time	2053	72.5
	Part-time	779	27.5
	Total	2832	100.0
Type of Degree Program	Engineer	319	11.3
	Bachelor’s	1645	58.1
	Master's / Int. Master's	888	30.6
	Total	2832	100.0
Year of Study	1st	946	33.4
	2nd	702	24.8
	3rd	482	17.0
	4th (or 1st Master's)	453	16.0
	5th (or 2nd Master's)	249	8.8
	Total	2832	100.0

EFA results for variables relating to the organization and delivery of online classes at universities during the COVID-19 pandemic_

Component	Overall Mean	Factor loading	Primary Variables
OC1. Technical and didactic support in remote education	3.84	.605	7. Technical support from the university
		.626	9. Instructors' ability to manage the online class platform
		.614	10. Efficiency/organization of conducting online classes by instructors
		.633	13. Materials for online classes
		.739	14. Instructors' attitude towards students
		.676	15. Clarity of instructions from instructors during online classes
		.759	16. Responsiveness of instructors
		.708	17. Interactions with instructors
		.747	18. Opportunity to participate in online consultations
		.672	19. Offers of open lectures
		.602	20. Participation of business practitioners in online classes
OC2. Atmosphere and practical value of online education	3.68	.770	1. Quality of online classes
		.843	2. Satisfaction with online classes
		.735	3. Atmosphere during online classes
		.800	4. Practical usefulness of knowledge gained online
		.842	5. Assimilation of knowledge during online classes
		.728	11. Method of knowledge transmission during online classes