Acceso abierto

The Relationship between the Reorganization of Higher Education Institutions' Operations in Poland During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Student Loyalty

Bogdan Sojkin

Bogdan Sojkin

Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of AviationWarsaw, Poland
Perfil de Orcid
Buscar este autor en
Sciendo|Google Scholar
Sojkin, Bogdan
, 
Paweł Bartkowiak

Paweł Bartkowiak

Poznań University of Economics and BusinessPoznań, Poland
Perfil de Orcid
Buscar este autor en
Sciendo|Google Scholar
Bartkowiak, Paweł
 y 
Szymon Michalak

Szymon Michalak

Poznań University of Economics and BusinessPoznań, Poland
Perfil de Orcid
Buscar este autor en
Sciendo|Google Scholar
Michalak, Szymon
  
30 dic 2024
The Relationship between the Reorganization of Higher Education Institutions' Operations in Poland During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Student Loyalty's Cover Image
Acerca de este artículo
Artículo anterior
Artículo siguiente
Cite
Descargar portada
Categoría del artículo: research article
Publicado en línea: 30 dic 2024
Páginas: 65 - 91
Recibido: 06 nov 2024
Aceptado: 10 dic 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/minib-2024-0022
Palabras clave
© 2024 Bogdan Sojkin et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Correlation between the level of student loyalty and components related to the functioning, organization, and delivery of online classes at the university during the COVID-19 pandemic_

Component Level of loyalty (NPS)
Overall F M
FC1. Administrative and organizational efficiency of the university .514*** .523*** .497***
FC2. Offer of professional and academic development .433*** .451*** .411***
OC1. Technical and didactic support in remote education .522*** .538*** .507***
OC2. Atmosphere and practical value of online education .472*** .469*** .460***
Component Overall
F M E BA MA 1 2 3 4 5
FC1. Administrative and organizational efficiency of the university .553*** .505*** .505*** .509*** .522*** .520*** .478*** .502*** .503*** .549***
FC2. Offer of professional and academic development .485*** .355*** .355*** .444*** .443*** .449*** .426*** .400*** .383*** .459***
OC1. Technical and didactic support in remote education .564*** .479*** .479*** .506*** .561*** .517*** .464*** .497*** .506*** .622***
OC2. Atmosphere and practical value of online education .509*** .431*** .431*** .461*** .503*** .454*** .399*** .475*** .464*** .611***
Component Female
F M E BA MA 1 2 3 4 5
FC1. Administrative and organizational efficiency of the university .495*** .588*** .469*** .503*** .565*** .528*** .466*** .492*** .518*** .601***
FC2. Offer of professional and academic development .429*** .500*** .311*** .463*** .472*** .468*** .458*** .376*** .407*** .473***
OC1. Technical and didactic support in remote education .512*** .610*** .472*** .507*** .599*** .520*** .450*** .496*** .530*** .694***
OC2. Atmosphere and practical value of online education .443*** .531*** .386*** .445*** .526*** .426*** .371*** .497*** .447*** .648***
Component Male
F M E BA MA 1 2 3 4 5
FC1. Administrative and organizational efficiency of the university .499*** .474*** .542*** .519*** .412*** .496*** .515*** .517*** .468*** .394***
FC2. Offer of professional and academic development .371*** .445*** .404*** .401*** .369*** .393*** .377*** .454*** .335*** .414***
OC1. Technical and didactic support in remote education .496*** .458*** .474*** .503*** .457*** .498*** .498*** .505*** .445*** .413***
OC2. Atmosphere and practical value of online education .493*** .451*** .481*** .495*** .440*** .501*** .460*** .429*** .479*** .517***

Comparison of components related to the organization and delivery of online classes at universities during the COVID-19 pandemic between selected groups of respondents_

Component Overall Mean Gender F | M test-t
OC1. Technical and didactic support in remote education 3.84 3.882 > 3.741 4.343***
OC2. Atmosphere and practical value of online education 3.68 3.762 > 3.511 5.888***
Component Overall Mean Study Mode FT | PT test-t
OC1. Technical and didactic support in remote education 3.84 3.771 < 4.012 -7.158***
OC2. Atmosphere and practical value of online education 3.68 3.571 < 3.952 -8.525***
Component Overall Mean Type of Degree Program E | BA | MA ANOVA
OC1. Technical and didactic support in remote education 3.84 3.681 < 3.822 < 3.923 10.953***
OC2. Atmosphere and practical value of online education 3.68 3.481 < 3.662 ≈ 3.772 9.440***
Component Overall Mean Year of Study 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 ANOVA
OC1. Technical and didactic support in remote education 3.84 3.962 > 3.721 ≈ 3.681 < 3.992 > 3.701 20.937***
OC2. Atmosphere and practical value of online education 3.68 3.843 > 3.582 > 3.431 < 3.903 > 3.421 23.129***
Component Overall Mean NPS D | PS | P ANOVA
OC1. Technical and didactic support in remote education 3.84 3.301 < 3.862 < 4.333 501.817***
OC2. Atmosphere and practical value of online education 3.68 3.021 < 3.722 < 4.263 415.620***

Assessment of the likelihood of university students recommending their institution to friends or acquaintances_

Occurrence of recommendation Total N (%) Gender N(%) Study Mode N(%) Type of Degree Program N(%) Year of Study N(%)
F M FT PT E BA MA 1 2 3 4 5
none 95(3.4) 57(3.0) 38(4.0) 54(2.6) 41(5.3) 8(2.5) 48(2.9) 39(4.5) 15(1.6) 19(2.7) 33(6.8) 14(3.1) 14(5.6)
2 72(2.5) 50(2.6) 22(2.3) 44(2.1) 28(3.6) 6(1.9) 41(2.5) 25(2.9) 16(1.7) 16(2.3) 16(3.3) 13(2.9) 11(4.4)
3 109(3.8) 71(3.8) 38(4.0) 80(3.9) 29(3.7) 13(4.1) 52(3.2) 44(5.1) 25(2.6) 34(4.8) 15(3.1) 16(3.5) 19(7.6)
4 133(4.7) 86(4.5) 47(5.0) 106(5.2) 27(3.5) 13(4.1) 82(5.0) 38(4.4) 38(4.0) 37(5.3) 28(5.8) 20(4.4) 10(4.0)
5 208(7.3) 138(7.3) 70(7.4) 159(7.7) 49(6.3) 31(9.7) 118(7.2) 59(6.8) 59(6.2) 48(6.8) 47(9.8) 32(7.1) 22(8.8)
6 292(10.3) 180(9.5) 112(11.9) 218(10.6) 74(9.5) 33(10.3) 180(10.9) 79(9.1) 87(9.2) 88(12.5) 54(11.2) 40(8.8) 23(9.2)
7 438(15.5) 291(15.4) 147(15.6) 333(16.2) 105(13.5) 54(16.9) 290(17.6) 94(10.8) 147(15.5) 118(16.8) 88(18.3) 63(13.9) 22(8.8)
8 551(19.5) 363(19.2) 188(20.0) 412(20.1) 139(17.8) 65(20.4) 320(19.5) 166(19.1) 189(20.0) 134(19.1) 94(19.5) 92(20.3) 42(16.9)
9 424(15.0) 299(15.8) 125(13.3) 324(15.8) 100(12.8) 51(16.0) 250(15.2) 123(14.2) 170(18.0) 108(15.4) 51(10.6) 58(12.8) 37(14.9)
one hundred percent 510(18.0) 357(18.9) 153(16.3) 323(15.7) 187(24.0) 45(14.1) 264(16.0) 201(23.2) 200(21.1) 100(14.2) 56(11.6) 105(23.2) 49(19.7)
Total 2832(100.0) 1892(100.0) 940(100.0) 2053(100.0) 779(100.0) 319(100.0) 1645(100.0) 868(100.0) 946(100.0) 702(100.0) 482(100.0) 453(100.0) 249(100.0)
Level of loyalty Total N(%) Gender N(%) Study Mode N(%) Type of Degree Program N(%) Year of Study N(%)
F M FT PT E BA MA 1 2 3 4 5
Detractors 909(32.1) 582(30.8) 327(34.8) 661(32.2) 248(31.8) 104(32.6) 521(31.7) 284(32.7) 240(25.4) 242(34.5) 193(40.0) 135(29.8) 99(39.8)
Passively satisfied 989(34.9) 654(34.6) 335(35.6) 745(36.3) 244(31.3) 119(37.3) 610(37.1) 260(30.0) 336(35.5) 252(35.9) 182(37.8) 155(34.2) 64(25.7)
Promoters 934(33.0) 656(34.7) 278(29.6) 647(31.5) 287(36.8) 96(30.1) 514(31.2) 324(37.3) 370(39.1) 208(29.6) 107(22.2) 163(36.0) 86(34.5)
Total 2832(100.0) 1892(100.0) 940(100.0) 2053(100.0) 779(100.0) 319(100.0) 1645(100.0) 868(100.0) 946(100.0) 702(100.0) 482(100.0) 453(100.0) 249(100.0)
NPS 25(0.9) 74(3.9) -49(-5.2) -14(-0.7) 39(5.0) -8(-2.5) -7(-0.4) 40(4.6) 130(13.7) -34(-4.8) -86(-17.8) 28(6.2) -13(-5.2)

Aspects of the functioning, organization and delivery of online classes at universities during the COVID-19 pandemic_

Aspects of the functioning of universities during the COVID-19 pandemic Overall Mean Aspects of the organization and delivery of online classes at universities during the COVID-19 pandemic Overall Mean
F1. General impression/perception of the university 3.87 O1. Quality of online classes 3.86
F2. Career prospects post-graduation 3.67 O2. Satisfaction with online classes 3.71
F3. Reorganization of classes to online formats 3.92 O3. Atmosphere during online classes 3.89
F4. Access to library/reading rooms 3.42 O4. Practical usefulness of knowledge gained online 3.54
F5. Efficiency of student services by university administration (dean’s offices, student services offices, etc.) 3.65 O5. Assimilation of knowledge during online classes 3.31
F6. Attitude of administrative staff towards students 3.67 O6. Functionality of the online class platform 4.00
F7. Digitalization of student services (e-campus, online services, student accounts, etc.) 3.81 O7. Technical support from the university 3.50
F8. Transparency of the study process (e.g., conditions for choosing specializations) 3.70 O8. Training/materials for handling the online class platform 3.68
F9. Organization of the recruitment process (for undergraduate and graduate programs) 3.90 O9. Instructors' ability to manage the online class platform 3.85
F10. Availability of infrastructure for students to conduct their own research (e.g., for thesis work) 3.40 O10. Efficiency/organization of conducting online classes by instructors 3.94
F11. Offers of internships/professional placements/student placements 3.17 O11. Method of knowledge transmission during online classes 3.76
F12. Job offers/assistance from the university in finding employment 3.01 O12. Criteria for passing online classes 3.94
F13. Offers of study abroad (Erasmus+, exchange programs with other universities, etc.) 3.52 O13. Materials for online classes 4.12
F14. Offers from student academic societies (SAS) 3.54 O14. Instructors' attitude towards students 4.04
F15. Offers of training, courses, webinars 3.66 O15. Clarity of instructions from instructors during online classes 3.95
F16. System for regulating tuition payments (rules, amounts, etc.) 3.72 O16. Responsiveness of instructors 4.01
F17. Scholarship system 3.47 O17. Interactions with instructors 3.90
O18. Opportunity to participate in online consultations 4.17
O19. Offers of open lectures 3.48
O20. Participation of business practitioners in online classes 3.23

EFA results for variables relating to the functioning of universities during the COVID-19 pandemic_

Component Overall Mean Factor loading Primary Variables
FC1. Administrative and organizational efficiency of the university 3.77 .701 1. General impression/perception of the university
.677 3. Reorganization of classes to online formats
.775 5. Efficiency of student services by university administration (dean’s offices, student services offices, etc.)
.755 6. Attitude of administrative staff towards students
.777 7. Digitalization of student services (e-campus, online services, student accounts, etc.)
.666 8. Transparency of the study process (e.g., conditions for choosing specializations)
FC2. Offer of professional and academic development 3.38 .783 11. Offers of internships/professional placements/student placements
.797 12. Job offers/assistance from the university in finding employment
.751 13. Offers of study abroad (Erasmus+, exchange programs with other universities, etc.)
.789 14. Offers from student academic societies (SAS)
.725 15. Offers of training, courses, webinars

Comparison of university functioning components during the COVID-19 pandemic between female and male groups_

Component Female Male
Overall Mean Study Mode FT | PT test-t Overall Mean Study Mode FT | PT test-t
FC1. Administrative and organizational efficiency of the university 3.83 3.791< 3.942 -3.565*** 3.65 3.631 ≈ 3.701 -1.113
FC2. Offer of professional and academic development 3.43 3.381< 3.542 -3.591*** 3.29 3.311 ≈ 3.241 .968
Component Female Male
Overall Mean Type of Degree Program E | BA | MA ANOVA Overall Mean Type of Degree Program E | BA | MA ANOVA
FC1. Administrative and organizational efficiency of the university 3.83 3.701< 3.812 ≈ 3.902 4.983** 3.65 3.581 ≈ 3.631 ≈ 3.741 1.881
FC2. Offer of professional and academic development 3.43 3.411 ≈ 3.441 ≈ 3.421 .152 3.29 3.371 ≈ 3.291 ≈ 3.241 .898
Component Female Male
Overall Mean Year of Study 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 ANOVA Overall Mean Year of Study 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 ANOVA
FC1. Administrative and organizational efficiency of the university 3.83 3.922> 3.751 ≈ 3.691< 4.012> 3.651 11.444*** 3.65 3.772> 3.491 ≈ 3.541< 3.892> 3.461 7.951***
FC2. Offer of professional and academic development 3.43 3.542 ≈ 3.402> 3.271< 3.512> 3.251 7.967*** 3.29 3.382 ≈ 3.202 ≈ 3.312 ≈ 3.342> 3.071 2.697*
Component Female Male
Overall Mean NPS D | PS | P ANOVA Overall Mean NPS D | PS | P ANOVA
FC1. Administrative and organizational efficiency of the university 3.83 3.281< 3.822< 4.323 333.317*** 3.65 3.101< 3.772< 4.163 146.266***
FC2. Offer of professional and academic development 3.43 2.951< 3.372< 3.923 241.478*** 3.29 2.871< 3.352< 3.723 85.028***

Comparison of university functioning components during the COVID-19 pandemic between selected respondent groups_

Component Overall Mean Gender F | M test-t
FC1. Administrative and organizational efficiency of the university 3.77 3.832> 3.651 5.241***
FC2. Offer of professional and academic development 3.38 3.432> 3.291 3.975***
Component Overall Mean Study Mode FT | PT test-t
FC1. Administrative and organizational efficiency of the university 3.77 3.731< 3.862 -3.571***
FC2. Offer of professional and academic development 3.38 3.361< 3.452 -2.441**
Component Overall Mean Type of Degree Program E | BA | MA ANOVA
FC1. Administrative and organizational efficiency of the university 3.77 3.651< 3.752< 3.853 8.114***
FC2. Offer of professional and academic development 3.38 3.391 ≈ 3.391 ≈ 3.371 .183
Component Overall Mean Year of Study 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 ANOVA
FC1. Administrative and organizational efficiency of the university 3.77 3.872> 3.661 ≈ 3.641< 3.972> 3.601 18.940***
FC2. Offer of professional and academic development 3.38 3.492> 3.331 ≈ 3.291< 3.452> 3.201 9.088***
Component Overall Mean NPS D | PS | P ANOVA
FC1. Administrative and organizational efficiency of the university 3.77 3.211< 3.802< 4.273 480.341***
FC2. Offer of professional and academic development 3.38 2.921< 3.362< 3.863 326.185***

Comparison of components related to the organization and delivery of online classes at universities during the COVID-19 pandemic between groups of male and female respondents_

Component Female Male
Overall Mean Study Mode FT | PT test-t Overall Mean Study Mode FT | PT test-t
OC1. Technical and didactic support in remote education 3.88 3.801< 4.102 -7.568*** 3.74 3.711< 3.821 -1.746*
OC2. Atmosphere and practical value of online education 3.76 3.651< 4.062 -7.993*** 3.51 3.431< 3.721 -3.536***
Component Female Male
Overall Mean Type of Degree Program E | BA | MA ANOVA Overall Mean Type of Degree Program E | BA | MA ANOVA
OC1. Technical and didactic support in remote education 3.88 3.731< 3.862 ≈ 3.962 6.938*** 3.74 3.61 ≈ 3.74 ≈ 3.81 2.650
OC2. Atmosphere and practical value of online education 3.76 3.521 ≈ 3.752 ≈ 3.852 7.288*** 3.51 3.43 ≈ 3.49 ≈ 3.60 1.376
Component Female Male
Overall Mean Year of Study 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 ANOVA Overall Mean Year of Study 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 ANOVA
OC1. Technical and didactic support in remote education 3.88 4.012> 3.781 ≈ 3.701< 4.052> 3.741 14.851*** 3.74 3.872> 3.611 ≈ 3.631< 3.892> 3.571 6.288***
OC2. Atmosphere and practical value of online education 3.76 3.922> 3.662 ≈ 3.501< 3.982> 3.511 17.178*** 3.51 3.662> 3.431 ≈ 3.291< 3.732> 3.181 6.498***
Component Female Male
Overall Mean NPS D | PS | P ANOVA Overall Mean NPS D | PS | P ANOVA
OC1. Technical and didactic support in remote education 3.88 3.341< 3.872< 4.383 362.310*** 3.74 3.241< 3.842< 4.223 140.352***
OC2. Atmosphere and practical value of online education 3.76 3.131< 3.772< 4.313 268.304*** 3.51 2.841< 3.632< 4.153 143.110***

Distribution of the study population_

Characteristics of Respondents N %↕
Gender F 1892 66.8
M 940 33.2
Total 2832 100.0
Study Mode Full-time 2053 72.5
Part-time 779 27.5
Total 2832 100.0
Type of Degree Program Engineer 319 11.3
Bachelor’s 1645 58.1
Master's / Int. Master's 888 30.6
Total 2832 100.0
Year of Study 1st 946 33.4
2nd 702 24.8
3rd 482 17.0
4th (or 1st Master's) 453 16.0
5th (or 2nd Master's) 249 8.8
Total 2832 100.0

EFA results for variables relating to the organization and delivery of online classes at universities during the COVID-19 pandemic_

Component Overall Mean Factor loading Primary Variables
OC1. Technical and didactic support in remote education 3.84 .605 7. Technical support from the university
.626 9. Instructors' ability to manage the online class platform
.614 10. Efficiency/organization of conducting online classes by instructors
.633 13. Materials for online classes
.739 14. Instructors' attitude towards students
.676 15. Clarity of instructions from instructors during online classes
.759 16. Responsiveness of instructors
.708 17. Interactions with instructors
.747 18. Opportunity to participate in online consultations
.672 19. Offers of open lectures
.602 20. Participation of business practitioners in online classes
OC2. Atmosphere and practical value of online education 3.68 .770 1. Quality of online classes
.843 2. Satisfaction with online classes
.735 3. Atmosphere during online classes
.800 4. Practical usefulness of knowledge gained online
.842 5. Assimilation of knowledge during online classes
.728 11. Method of knowledge transmission during online classes
Idioma:
Inglés
Calendario de la edición:
4 veces al año
Temas de la revista:
Negocios y Economía, Gestión empresarial, Marketing, ventas, relaciones con el cliente, Gestión, organización, gobierno corporativo, Desarrollo empresarial, gestión del cambio, cooperación, Competencias clave en la investigación académica
RSS Feed de revista