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Potential determinants of Clostridium spp. occurrence in Polish silage

Magdalena Goldsztejn

Magdalena Goldsztejn

,

,

,

Magdalena Sapała

Magdalena Sapała

,

Małgorzata Mazur

Małgorzata Mazur

,

Zbigniew Sieradzki

Zbigniew Sieradzki

,

et

Krzysztof Kwiatek

Krzysztof Kwiatek

| 06 nov. 2020

Journal of Veterinary Research's Cover Image

Journal of Veterinary Research

Édition 64 (2020): Edition 4 (December 2020)

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Publié en ligne: 06 nov. 2020

Pages: 549 - 555

Reçu: 20 mai 2020

Accepté: 20 oct. 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2020-0075

Mots clés
Poland, silage, toxins

© 2020 M. Goldsztejn et al. published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Silage enriched with starter culture

			Silage (enriched/total by material)
Province
	Corn	Grass	Alfalfa	Beet pulp	Rye	Crushed grain	Shamrock	Enriched/total in provinces (%)
Greater Poland	7/11	3/4	0/1	-	0/1	-	-	10/17 (59)
Holy Cross	11/14	4/4	2/3	-	-	-	-	17/21 (81)
Kuyavian-Pomeranian	8/12	2/3	1/2	0/2	-	0/1	-	11/20 (55)
Lesser Poland	5/5	4/4	-	-	-	-	-	9/9 (100)
Lower Silesian	6/10	2/5	0/1	-	0/1	-	0/2	8/19 (42)
Lublin	17/19	0/1	-	-	-	-	-	17/20 (85)
Lubuskie	9/12	6/8	-	-	-	-	1/1	16/21 (76)
Łódź	12/16	1/3	-	-	-	-	-	13/19 (68)
Masovian	15/18	2/4	-	-	-	-	-	17/22 (77)
Opole	12/14	0/4	1/2	-	-	-	-	13/20 (65)
Podlaskie	14/16	4/4	-	-	-	-	-	18/20 (90)
Pomeranian	11/15	3/6	-	-	-	-	-	14/21 (67)
Silesian	11/17	2/2	-	-	-	-	-	13/19 (68)
Subcarpathian	6/10	3/7	1/2	-	-	-	1/1	11/20 (55)
Warmian-Masurian	12/13	2/6	1/1	-	-	-	-	15/20 (75)
West Pomerania	2/5	2/10	0/1	-	-	1/1	-	5/17 (29)

Enriched/total (%)	158/207 (76)	40/75 (53)	6/13 (46)	0/2 (0)	0/2 (0)	1/2 (50)	2/4 (50)	207/305 (68)

Statistical significance and tendency of factors determining Clostridium spp. occurrence

Relationship	Tendency (P value)	Significance (P value)
Clostridium spp. (level 10³ and 10⁴ cfu/g) vs pH > 4.5	-	0.007

Clostridium spp. vs organic fertilisation	-	0.0024

Clostridium spp. (level 10³ cfu/g) vs herd size (12–800 cows)	0.019	-

Storage periods of collected silage

Number of silage samples	Storage period (months)
109 (36%)	1–4
100 (33%)	5–8
81 (27%)	9–12
15 (5%)	13–24

Examined silage samples

				Silage
Province
	Corn	Grass	Alfalfa	Beet pulp	Rye	Crushed grain	Shamrock	Total provinces in
Greater Poland	11	4	1	-	1	-	-	17
Holy Cross	14	4	3	-	-	-	-	21
Kuyavian-Pomeranian	12	3	2	2	-	1	-	20
Lesser Poland	5	4	-	-	-	-	-	9
Lower Silesian	10	5	1	-	1	-	2	19
Lublin	19	1	-	-	-	-	-	20
Lubuskie	12	8	-	-	-	-	1	21
Łódź	16	3	-	-	-	-	-	19
Masovian	18	4	-	-	-	-	-	22
Opole	14	4	2	-	-	-	-	20
Podlasie	16	4	-	-	-	-	-	20
Pomeranian	15	6	-	-	-	-	-	21
Silesian	17	2	-	-	-	-	-	19
Subcarpathian	10	7	2	-	-	-	1	20
Warmian-Masurian	13	6	1	-	-	-	-	20
West Pomeranian	5	10	1	-	-	1	-	17

Total	207	75	13	2	2	2	4	305

Silage samples collected from farms by herd size

	Herd size

Province	< 50	< 100	< 250	< 500	< 1,000	< 2,000	< 2,500
Greater Poland	3	4	2	6	-	1	1

Holy Cross	10	6	4	1	-	-	-

Kuyavian-Pomeranian	3	8	2	3	4	-	-

Lesser Poland	6	-	3	-	-	-	-

Lower Silesian	3	2	3	5	2	4	-

Lublin	8	4	7		1	-	-

Lubuskie	4	3	9	3	-	1	1

Łódź	11	6	1	-	1	-	-

Masovian	11	6	4	1	-	-	-

Opole	4		4	5	4	2	1

Podlaskie	5	12	3	-	-	-	-

Pomeranian	6	2	4	7	2	-	-

Silesian	8	8	1	1	1	-	-

Subcarpathian	7	7	4	1	1	-	-

Warmian-Masurian	5	8	4	3	-	-	-

West Pomeranian	1	4	3	6	3	-	-

Total	95	80	58	42	19	8	3

Samples of silage made of material harvested from areas fertilised organically (manure and slurry)

Province	Silage (organically fertilised/total by material)
	Corn	Grass	Alfalfa	Beet pulp	Rye	Crushed grain	Shamrock	Organically fertilised/total in provinces (%)
Greater Poland	5/11	1/4	1/1	-	0/1	-	-	7/17 (41)
Holy Cross	5/14	2/4	2/3	-	-	-	-	9/21 (43)
Kuyavian-Pomeranian	5/12	2/3	1/2	0/2	-	0/1	-	8/20 (40)
Lesser Poland	1/5	0/4	-	-	-	-	-	1/9 (11)
Lower Silesian	7/10	3/5	0/1	-	0/1	-	0/2	10/19 (53)
Lublin	10/19	0/1	-	-	-	-	-	10/20 (50)
Lubuskie	5/12	2/8	-	-	-	-	0/1	7/21 (33)
Łódź	3/16	1/3	-	-	-	-	-	4/19 (21)
Masovian	5/18	0/4	-	-	-	-	-	5/22 (23)
Opole	9/14	1/4	2/2					12/20 (60)
Podlaskie	3/16	0/4	-	-	-	-	-	3/20 (15)
Pomeranian	7/15	3/6	-	-	-	-	-	10/21 (48)
Silesian	7/17	0/2	-	-	-	-	-	7/19 (37)
Subcarpathian	7/10	2/7	1/2	-	-	-	0/1	10/20 (50)
Warmian-Masurian	0/13	0/6	1/1	-	-	-	-	1/20 (5)
West Pomeranian	4/5	5/10	1/1	-	-	1/1	-	11/17 (65)

Organically fertilised/total (%)	83/207 (40)	22/75 (29)	9/13 (69)	0/2	0/2	1/2(50)	0/4	115/305 (38%)

Contamination level by Clostridium spp.

	Level
Number of silage samples
	10¹ cfu/g	10² cfu/g	10³ cfu/g	10⁴ cfu/g	Total (%)
Corn	71	56	23	7	157/207 (76)
Grass	22	18	11	9	60/75 (80)
Alfalfa	-	2	2	3	7/13 (54)
Beet pulp	-	1	-	-	1/2 (50)
Rye	-	1	-	-	1/2 (50)
Crushed grain	1	1	-	-	2/2 (100)
Shamrock	1	3	-	-	4/4 (100)

Total (%)	95/305 (31)	82/305 (27)	36/305 (12)	19/305 (6)	232/305 (76)

pH values of examined silages samples

	pH

Silage	3.50–3.99	4.00–4.49	4.50–4.99	5.00–5.99	6.0–7.99
Corn	74	98	7	8	1
Grass	3	13	19	30	8
Alfalfa		3	3	4	2
Beet pulp	1	1		-	-
Rye	-	1	1	-	-
Crushed grain	-	1	-	-	1
Shamrock	-	-	-	3	-

Total (%)	78/282 (28)	117/282 (41)	30/282 (11)	45/282 (16)	12/282 (4)

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