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Figure 1
Growth stages of second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne spp. (A) vermiform, early J2 with no swelling; (B, C, D) mid-stage J2 with early swelling and conoid tail; and (E, F) late J2 with swollen body, rounded terminus. Scale bars: A–E = 50 μm; and F = 10 μm.
Figure 2
Developmental stages of Meloidogyne spp.; (A) third-stage juvenile (J3); (B) anterior part of a J3; (C) fourth-stage juvenile (J4); (D) anterior part of a J4; (E) female; and (F) egg-laying globose female. Scale bars: A, E, and F = 50 μm; B, C, and D = 10 μm.
Figure 3
Percentage of Meloidogyne spp. second-stage juveniles (J2) penetrating tomato roots grown under different temperature (25°C, 30°C, or 30-25°C [12-hr light period at 30°C and 12-hr dark period at 25°C]) at 5 DAI. Bars represent the grand means ± SE of the three Meloidogyne spp. (M. enterolobii, M. floridensis, and M. incognita race 3). The percentage of penetrated J2 was calculated by dividing the total number of nematodes observed in the whole root system at 5 DAI over the initial inoculum concentration. Bars with different letter(s) indicate significant differences based on Tukey’s HSD test (P ≤ 0.05). DAI, days after inoculation.
Figure 4
Percentage of Meloidogyne enterolobii (Me), M. floridensis (Mf), and M. incognita race 3 (Mi3) developmental stages on tomato grown in a growth chamber for 29 DAI at 25°C (A), 30°C (B), and 30–25°C (C) (12-hr light period at 30°C and 12-hr dark period at 25°C). Percentage of nematodes in each developmental stage was based on the total number of nematodes observed in the whole root system. A total of 78 root systems per RKN species were subjected to analysis. The increase of J2 at 30°C at 23 DAI for M. enterolobii, at 25 DAI for M. floridensis and M. incognita, and at 30–25°C at 29 DAI for M. floridensis represent the earliest observation of vermiform juveniles from the second generation. RKN, root-knot nematode; DAI, days after inoculation.
CD and ADD required for first observation of each developmental stage of Meloidogyne enterolobii (Me), M. floridensis (Mf), and M. incognita race 3 (Mi3) on tomato inoculated with second-stage juveniles at different temperatures.
![Percentage of Meloidogyne spp. second-stage juveniles (J2) penetrating tomato roots grown under different temperature (25°C, 30°C, or 30-25°C [12-hr light period at 30°C and 12-hr dark period at 25°C]) at 5 DAI. Bars represent the grand means ± SE of the three Meloidogyne spp. (M. enterolobii, M. floridensis, and M. incognita race 3). The percentage of penetrated J2 was calculated by dividing the total number of nematodes observed in the whole root system at 5 DAI over the initial inoculum concentration. Bars with different letter(s) indicate significant differences based on Tukey’s HSD test (P ≤ 0.05). DAI, days after inoculation.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64722215215d2f6c89dbcf48/j_jofnem-2022-0013_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20240629T182815Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=18000&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240629%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=3f1d956babf57ed8e032fdee597b9be0ab9b43aa9f26a525f92d2cfe14e29091)
