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Figure 1
Electric field distribution of to spheres with opposite charges Q (red) and -Q (blue). The measurement electrodes (green) are distanced by L. Background tissue (σba = 0) is assumed.
Figure 2
Electric field distribution by applying the voltages -V0 (red) on a sphere and
V0′=+V0
$V_{0}^{\prime }=+{{V}_{0}}$on a spare charge plate (blue). The measurement electrodes (green) are distanced by L. Muscle tissue (σm) with a thickness of b and background tissue (σba) are modeled.
Figure 3
Left: electric field distribution of the injection at the outer electrodes with distance d. Middle: electric field distribution of the injection at the inner electrodes with distance L. Right: electric field distribution considering both the injection and the measurement field according to lead field theory.
Figure 4
Left: five cylindrical glass containers representing simplistic volumes to test the measurement system and calculation methods. 1: radius 13.3 mm, 2: radius 17.5 mm, 3: radius 32.8 mm, 4: radius 38.6 mm, 5: radius 50.4 mm. Right: close-up on the measurement catheter and a possible cascaded measurement configuration.
Figure 5
a) Left ventricular in-vitro phantoms made from silicone (left: carbon, right: pure), b) C-arm with manual test bench to measure phantom dimension, c) Cross-sectional areas obtained from CT measurements at the center electrode pair, adapted from [32].
Figure 6
Estimated radii using the classical Wei, the plate, and the lead ACM compared to the known radii of the cylinders (Data). Left: conductivity of saline solution σ1 = 1.69 S/m, right: conductivity of saline solution σ2 = 0.62 S/m.
Figure 7
Estimated radii by the ACMs (Wei, Plate, Lead) obtained from the conductances measured inside the in-vitro phantoms compared to reference radii (Data). Left: insulating phantom of pure silicone, right: silicone phantom enriched with carbon.
Measured volumes inside the silicone ventricle from CT measurements. Cross-sectional areas obtained between the center electrode pair. Estimated equivalent center radius.
![a) Left ventricular in-vitro phantoms made from silicone (left: carbon, right: pure), b) C-arm with manual test bench to measure phantom dimension, c) Cross-sectional areas obtained from CT measurements at the center electrode pair, adapted from [32].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64721e8e215d2f6c89dbc94e/j_joeb-2021-0015_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20240724T122428Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=18000&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240724%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=4935534002345dbf1d619081b679d7f4f79eff7d6f7e369f4c0addb09444f5e0)
